90 Forestry Quarterly. 



tive work, for linoleum, etc., or for fuel) may be barked when 

 ten years old. 



Die Korkeichc mid ihre Produkte in Hirer okonomischen Bedeutung fUr 

 Portugal. Naturwissenschaftliche Zeitschrift fiir Forst- unci Landwirt- 

 schaft. November, 1912. Pp. 549-559. 



Cooper finds that the climax forest of Isle 

 The Forests Royale is of the Balsam-Paper Birch- White 

 of Spruce type. The stand is 78.7% Balsam 



Isle Royale, when trees of all ages are counted, but 



Lake Superior. when trees from 5 inches to 10 inches in 

 diameter are considered the Balsam com- 

 position becomes 56.7%, and as to trees 

 10 inches and over in diameter, it falls to 33.3 per cent. In the 

 percentage composition of the various classes Paper Birch works 

 the other way, that is when trees of all sizes are considered it 

 forms only 10.6 per cent, of the stand ; trees between 5 inches 

 and 10 inches, 26.8 per cent. ; trees over 10 inches in diameter 

 39 per cent. The preponderance of Balsam in the young growth 

 is due to the wide range of situations in which it can establish 

 itself, provided sufficient light is available, the seedlings being 

 absent in even moderately dense shade. A good deal of the young 

 growth arises from the layering habit of the Balsam. The high 

 birth rate is offset by a high death rate, owing to susceptibility to 

 fungous diseases and liability to windfall. White Spruce enters 

 less abundantly into the type, making only 2.8 per cent, of the 

 trees of all ages but forming 16.7 per cent of the trees 10 inches 

 or more in diameter. 



Judging from reports of other observers, the author believes 

 this to be the characteristic type of the northeastern coniferous 

 forest and in some respects comparable to the coniferous zone 

 of the southern Alleghanies. 



The Climax Forest of Isle Royale, Lake Superior, and its Development. 

 Botanical Gazette. January, 1913. Pp. 1-44. 



