lOO Forestry Quarterly. 



pendulous, the buds were thicker and showed quicker growth. 

 It is also less liable to the attacks of insects (Chermes). 



(b) The soil is made granular or less compacted. 



(c) The root development is increased, tap roots being stronger 

 and longer ; secondary roots being more numerous and tending to 

 go deeper in the soil ; root hairs being more numerous, healthier 

 and going deeper into the soil. Altogether, the root mass occupies 

 a larger area. 



Moreover, decomposition of the organic matter is more com- 

 plete on account of the penetration of air through the decayed 

 lupine roots, and increased work of the colonies of angle worms 

 induced by the more favorable soil conditions. 



Thus the spruce with the lupine interculture becomes a deep 

 rooted species, and may claim the advantages of such. As re- 

 gards influence on diameter growth rate as exhibited by curves, 

 the spruce without lupines appears to be stronger in the first six 

 years, probably because its growth was not hindered by the shade 

 of the lupines or the grazing of deer. By the seventh year, how- 

 ever, the spruce in the lupines has reached the others and after- 

 ward showed superior growth. It did especially and surprisingly 

 well in the dry summer of 191 1 on account of its deep root system, 

 while the spruce without lupines grew well in the wet summer of 

 1910 but showed a very narrow ring in the dry summer. 



Better results are obtained from planting three-year-old spruces 

 at the time of sowing lupines. This method avoids the damages 

 in early life before mentioned. 



Success of these experiments has induced further sowing, and 

 since the spring of 1906 the lupines have been inoculated with 

 nitrogen. Other numerous experiments are incomplete and their 

 results do not as yet justify publication. 



S. H. C. 



Beeinflussung der Wurselbildung und Wuchsenergie der Fichte durch 

 Zwischenhau von pcrennierender Lupine. Allgemeine Forst- und Jagd 

 Zeitung. November, 1912. Pp. 267-2,70. 



