Periodical Literature. 103 



vsown in fall, squirrels, mice, birds will find them, and nuts planted 

 in spring germinate late, often not before August or September, or 

 lie over the following winter. The late comers are usually frost 

 killed. To be successful the plants must be out in May. To se- 

 cure this, the ripe fruit (November) is peeled and dried enough to 

 prevent mildew, then loosely spread out in a single layer (very 

 important for regia and cinerea) on the ground in the open and 

 covered with 2 or 3 inches of soil, of course in a place where pro- 

 tection against animals can be provided. If frost is hard and no 

 snow cover had, cover with litter or straw, but remove when not 

 necessary to prevent mice from finding their way into the cover. 

 When warm weather appears, frequent inspection is necessary 

 to see whether the nuts are germinating. If this does not take 

 place at the right time, a cover of horse manure will expedite the 

 germination, although this is not generally necessary; the first 

 nuts germinate from March 30 (very early) to April 30, and 

 then the rest follow quickly. The germinating nuts are daily 

 gathered carefully into baskets with moist moss, and without 

 breaking the germ, which is the root, carried to the planting place 

 and either at once planted or heeled in. In a few days the germs 

 are two and more inches in length and care is necessary not to 

 break them off. They should then be dibbled in with the germ 

 downward, the nuts lying on their sides. The soil should, of 

 course, have been prepared in the previous fall. 



The arrangement of plantations was made variously in pure 

 groups, in mixed groups, in the open, under cover, among other 

 species, etc. 



Pure planting in close spacing seem to have furnished best re- 

 sults ; single specimens or wide spacing produces spreading crowns 

 and short boles, even in mixture with other species which the 

 walnuts soon outgrow. Considering all conditions, shaft form 

 as well as weed-growth, a spacing of 3 x 4 feet seem to be the 

 most commendable. 



Planting under shade for protection against frost, especially 

 with the decidedly intolerant nigra, was a failure, although regia 

 and cinerea, being less intolerant, can revive more readily. To 

 be sure. May frosts kill frequently the first leader, but in 4 to 5 

 years the plants have grown out of the frost region. 



The planting with 1,600 nuts to the acre, including gathering 



