no Forestry Quarterly. 



underplant in oak stands. Similarly good results have been found 

 to result from the underplanting of mixed stands of pine and 

 beech or pure stands of pine, but with such stands the second story 

 is made up of spruce and fir. Although the complete utilization 

 of the available light by means of a two-storied forest prevents 

 the growth of blueberries, the picking of which has been an im- 

 portant local industry, it insures better soil conditions and pro- 

 duces more rapid growth. 



Good local markets make it possible to sell advantageously the 

 produce of thinning operations. This renders feasible improve- 

 ment cuttings, which make the trees left more wind firm, less 

 liable to snow break, and greatly accelerates their growth. So 

 intensively can this work be carried on that limbs broken by the 

 heavy snowfall of 1887 were cut off with ladders and saws at an 

 expense of 45 marks per hectare. K. W. 



Aus dreissigjdhriger Praxis. Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt. May 

 1912. Pp. 233-247. 



MENSURATION, FINANCE AND MANAGEMENT . 



Calipers that read off cubic contents of logs 

 Cross are limited for practical reasons to six log 



Section lengths at the most, as many as it is practi- 



Calipers. cally possible to 'put figures on the arm. 



By graduating for cross section areas the 

 caliper becomes of universal use by keep- 

 ing log lengths apart and multiplying the added cross sections by 

 the log length. 



The question as to the necessary degree of accuracy is settled 



I 



w^ 



by giving the cross section to the square centimeter ~~ 



In constructing the graduation the decimal point is left out, the 

 four figures of the fraction are disposed two to the right, two to 

 the left of the graduation line, the even centimeter of diameter 

 measure at bottom, the uneven at the top side of the face and the 

 diameter measure on the thin edge of the arm. 



For lengths up to 6m (20 feet), i. e. ordinary log lengths, it is 



found that ■ m"^ is a quite satisfactory degree of accuracy, 



1,000 



