PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 



FOREST GEOGRAPHY AND DESCRIPTION. 



Gunnar Schotte describes in detail with 

 Richest magnificent illustrations a stand of mixed 



Swedish conifers in Sodermanland belonging to the 



Stand. municipality of Jonaker, which is believed 



to represent the maximum of production in 

 workwood. The stand was 140 years old in 1909, and is sup- 

 posed to have originated after agricultural use ("rye-burn") of 

 the soil. It is a mixed stand of pine and spruce, the latter being 

 in subordinate position, representing 14 to 24 to 30 per cent. The 

 pines are clean boles to nearly 50 feet, and green branches start 

 only at from 65 to 80 feet ; crowns therefore are small. Four 

 sample areas have been measured, the details of which are 

 tabulated, varying from 12,000 to 21,000 cubic feet per acre with 

 378 to 710 trees to the acre, an average diameter of 11 to 13 inch, 

 and height 95 to 96 feet. If, however, the spruce is excluded, 

 which numerically represented 40 to 60 per cent, but in volume 

 only II to 28 per cent with diameter of only 6 to 9.5 inch and 

 heights of 65 to 75 feet, the pines> average 15-16 inch with heights 

 of 105 feet, and the maximum volume 18,700 cubic feet, which 

 may be translated into not less than 100,000 feet B. M., over 133 

 cubic feet or, say, 700 feet B. M. per acre per year. 



At least 50 to 60 per cent, of the trees are well formed, but 

 Polyporus pini has put in his work and would considerably reduce 

 the output. A comparison with other maximum yields from Ger- 

 many and Switzerland would make this the largest on record. 



Classifying the trees according to the new Swedish schedule 

 (see p. of this issue) it is shown that 30 to 48 per cent, of all 

 pines (30% of basal area) were injured by neighbors for lack of 

 thinning. From the fact that the pine shows a basal area of 500 

 to 600 square feet and on limited areas vip to 1,000 square feet, 

 the author deduces that the pine under favorable soil conditions 

 is more tolerant than it is given credit ; and the sparser the spruce 

 the larger the volume. The basal area per cent, on the poorer 

 sample is 30 for spruce and 70 for pine, on the better area the 

 latter participates with y6 per cent. That such large trees of 

 pine can stand so dense the author thinks unique. The value of 



