268 Forestry Quarterly. 



demanded a share of the soil water. Where heath covered the 

 soil densely not only were the pine seedlings burned out but 

 finally the heath too followed it. 



The heath is a serious curse in the forests of this part of Ger- 

 many. It takes foothold wherever openings in the crown admit 

 sunlight to the soil, and it spreads as fast as the fall in crown 

 density permits more light to pass. In the course of nature heath 

 is the first plant to colonize abandoned farm land and it is suc- 

 ceeded by pine. It does not occupy cultivated land directly after 

 abandonment but only after the fields have lain fallow several 

 years and the soil becomes sour. When once in possession the 

 heath develops to form a dense soil cover and a very dense 

 though shallow root system which dries out the soil and prevents 

 the penetration of summer showers. 



In such regions as these, pine plantations can only be estab- 

 lished with the complete success necessary for their proper de- 

 velopment into clear timber by the entire removal of the heath 

 either by fire, grub-hoe or plow. The preparation of planting 

 strips is not sufficient; it is necessary to work over the whole 

 area and relieve the young trees from all struggle for soil moist- 

 ure. Such preparation must be made in autumn and the planting 

 site be fallow through the winter so that the rains can enter, pene- 

 trate and be retained- 



The expensive removal of heath should be avoided by planting 

 ibandoned farm lands before the heath is established while the 

 joil is still sweet. Where large accessions of poor farm land 

 cannot be reforested immediately it is worth while to let out por- 

 tions at a nominal rental that such use may forestall heath de- 

 velopment. 



Das Jahr igii in der Oberforsterei Rohrwiesc, Regierungshezirk 

 Marienwerder. Zeitschrift fiir Forst- und Jagdwesen. December, 1012. 

 Pp. 778-783. 



One type of winter injury to forest trees. 



Causes according to Hartley, afiFects for the most 



of part young growth, especially by injuring 



Winter the tips of the young branches, killing the 



Killing. trees in the more severe cases. A second 



type is the "chinook" injury, which kills 



both reproduction and mature trees. In some places in Dakota 



■ four to five per cent, of the mature stand, largely Pinus pondcrosa, 



