Some Aspects of European Forestry. 



325 



regeneration because of the relative tolerance of these two chief 

 species. These regeneration cuttings' are repeated four or five 

 times at intervals of about five years. During the period of 

 regeneration the cuttings change from: 



1. Cut to seed up the area (Coups d'ensemencement) to 



2. Several cuts giving light to seedlings (Coups secondaires), 

 and to 



3. Final removal cutting (Coup definitive). 



Cuts 2 and 3 are chiefly in the standards; at the end of the 

 regeneration period all the standards have been cut, and the 

 cleanings have begun. At first, shears suffice to free the seed- 

 lings from encroaching sprouts but by the time the new stand 

 is 30 years old, regular thinnings, as described below, have to be 

 made. These, as well as the preparatory cuts just described 

 are classed as improvement cuttings (Coups d'amelioration) in 

 contrast to the regeneration cuttings. 



This process can be illustrated by the following example: 

 A forest with an average rotation of 160 years is divided into 

 160 parcels numbered 1-160 in the order of their cutting. As- 

 simiing five years as the interval between the regeneration cut- 

 tings, the Cutting Calendar would be as follows : 



PARCELS TO BE CUT EACH YEAR 



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