332 Forestry Qttarterly. 



of transportation are the "sine qua non" of successful and, what 

 is usually the same thing, profitable forestry. 



Colonies of woodcutters were also established by the State and 

 given free houses and released from taxes. 



With the development of the timber resources their value 

 has increased enormously, so has the yield obtained from the 

 forests. The stumpage value is now on an average about $20.00 

 per thousand feet board measure. 



The cost of logging approximates: 



Cost of felling $2.00 per thousand feet board measure. 



Cost of skidding to roadside $1.50 per thousand feet board 

 measure- 

 Cost of hauling to market $4.00 per thousand feet board 

 measure. 



Total, $6.50 per thousand feet board measure. 



Sold at the roadside the timber brings an average of $24.00 

 per thousand feet board measure (a maximum of $34 per 

 thousand feet board measure for pine) while at the market point, 

 i.e. usually at the mill, the value is an average of $28, a maximum 

 of $38 per thousand feet board measure. And sixty years ago, 

 the value was purely nominal. 



Similarly, after the cutting of the virgin stands was completed 

 i.e. since 1888 the oroduction has practically doubled, until now 

 (1912) it is I 1/3 M. ft. per acre per annum. 



This development is the more remarkable since the regenera- 

 tion of the primeval forest was accomplished only with the 

 axe. But before considering the ways and means of natural 

 regeneration in the Black Forest, a last item must be added to 

 the factors already described, and that is the dangers and enemies 

 to which the Forest is exposed. Fire is practically a negligible 

 quantity; so is drought except in unusual seasons such as the 

 summer of 191 1. Insects and fungi are more serious; especially 

 the cancer on fir (Aecilimn elatinum) which shows itself in 

 swelled, gnarly butts and as Witches' broom, necessitating the 

 rigorous cutting out, so far as possible, of all infested trees- 

 There is also very considerable damage through game, i.e. deer, 

 which are especially destructive to the young plants of fir. But 

 positively overwhelming is the damage through snowbreak and 

 windfall — especially the latter. Where the stands are all aged 



