Some Aspects of European Forestry. 333 



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this damage is not quite so severe, though even there it often is 

 25% of the annual cut. But in practically even-aged stands the 

 damage is enormous, reaching 67% of the total cut. 



The forester's first concern must therefore be to moderate 

 the storm damage unless indeed he wishes to become merely 

 an undertaker "burying the dead." As it is, the immense 

 amount of windfall often makes it impossible to carry out the 

 provisions of the working plans. 



Three silvicultural systems — or methods — are used in re- 

 generating the spruce and fir stands of the Black Forest. These 

 are: 



1. Shelterwood Compartment System. 



A. Wiirttemberg practice of short period of regenera- 



tion. 



B. Baden practice of long period of regeneration. 



2. Selection System — all aged forest. 



3. Border Cuttings (Wagner's "Blendersaumschlag" described 

 in his "Grundlagen der Raumlichen Ordnung im Walde") * 



I. The Shelterwood Compartment System, strictly considered, 

 aims to regenerate the stand by means of the seed from a single 

 seed year. Therefore the time which should elapse between 

 the first or preparatory cutting and the final removal cutting 

 should not exceed ten or, at the most fifteen years. 



The resulting stand is, virtually even aged. In practice this 

 means that in the vast majority of cases satisfactory natural 

 regeneration is not secured and the area has to be restocked 

 artificially. This explains the expenditure of 38 or 39 cents 

 per acre per annum for planting in the Wiirttemberg portion of 

 the Black Forest in contract to 19^ cents per acre per annum 

 under the Baden practice ; for in Wiirttemberg the short period 

 of regeneration has been adopted. 



An interesting contrast is furnished by the Baden practice 

 which does not attempt to secure regeneration with a single seed 

 year but stretches the period of regeneration over from 30 to 50 

 years the average period being 40 years. Thus the Baden prac- 

 tice is not an orthodox shelterwood compartment system, but, 



*See article "Border Cuttings, a suggested Departure in American Silvi- 

 culture," Proceedings, Society of American Foresters, Vol. VII, No. 2. 



