346 Forestry Quarterly. 



to artificial regeneration. Windfall, snowbreak, and avalanches, 

 and the overmaturity of the stands, all conspire to make artificial 

 re-stocking necessary aside from the inevitable "fail places" and 

 the irregularities in stands due to a still imperfect utilization. 



This is by no means to the Bavarian's discredit ; for as Wag- 

 ner points out in his "Grundlagen der Raumlichen Ordnung im 

 Walde:" "It is obviously in the very nature of forest manage- 

 ment that the local forest conditions often constitute temporary 

 hinderances to the practical execution of a new silvicultural 

 method so that the method, for a long time, does not get beyond 



the covers of the Working Plan — and yet it v^rould be a 



mistake if, in undue haste, this method were to be forcibly im- 

 posed on the forest or else entirely given up and its gradual ap- 

 plication abandoned To impress upon the forest itself the 



universal stamp of a certain silvicultural method requires time." 



Fir, beech and maple usually reproduce naturally; the artificial 

 regeneration centers, therefore, on spruce and larch, aside 

 from the occasional interplanting of pine on favorable sites 

 (southern exposures and any rocky places.) 



The artificial regeneration of spruce is either by seeding or 

 by planting. In the former the seed is sown as uniformly as 

 possible over the cutting area in favorable places on mineral 

 soil ; undecomposed humus is stirred up with a hoe to accelerate 

 its decomposition. Where, owing to the overmaturity of the 

 stand or for other reasons, sufficient natural regeneration can- 

 not be expected, the seeding is if possible done in the spring 

 succeeding the cutting. The cutting is usually in summer; the 

 hauling on snow in winter and in early spring. After seeding, 

 the area is covered with brush for protection from the elements 

 and from game and cattle. On very steep slopes where, as 

 a result of logging, the bare mineral soil has been exposed, 

 seeding is delayed until after the appearance of a light cover 

 of grass. However, where the area to be sown is densely cov- 

 ered with weeds, seeding is seldom attempted and planting is 

 used instead. 



The planting sites are chosen as carefully as in seeding. The 

 spacing is seldom more than 2>\ ^ 2,1 feet, since game and cattle 

 usually destroy many of the plants. The use of wild stock and 

 of poor stock is carefully avoided. Under favorable conditions. 



