Some Aspects of European Forestry. 477 



also a greater amount of seed than usual. During logging, the 

 seed is worked into the ground and thus protected from frost 

 and rodents. 



The degree of cutting aims to reach the happy medium of suf- 

 ficient shade for protecting the young growth and sufficient light 

 for its thrifty development. In dry sites the Austrians sometimes 

 cut more heavily, so as to ensure the seedlings being reached by 

 the precipitation, at the same time recognizing the danger from 

 weeds and grass if the cutting is too heavy. 



As far as possible in logging, advance growth of desirable 

 species is saved, and made the very basis of the new stand ; nat- 

 urally, the subsequent seedlings tend to come up close to these 

 groups. Despite the clumpwise character of the regeneration, it 

 is essentially uniform and. for all practical purposes, even-aged. 



Fail places are restocked artificially by methods outlined in the 

 following Article IX. If the soil was not in receptive condition 

 for the first seed crop, a superficial working of the ground just 

 before the next seed year often secures good results. 



In order to induce natural reproduction, undue accumulations 

 of litter, humus, moss, weeds or grass are raked or hoed into 

 heaps and burned. Occasionally the whole cutting area is actu- 

 ally burned over, where the accumulation of this ground cover is 

 too great. Ordinarily preparing the soil for the seed by means 

 of hoeing is prohibitively expensive; only in hoeing spots does it 

 find a limited application. Cattle, sheep and hogs are occasionally 

 driven on a cutting area in order to loosen the soil, stir up litter 

 and humus and tramp out weeds and grass. 



Austria exhibits some interesting departures in the practical 

 application of the shelterwood method — thus the removal felling 

 is almost always logged on snow, since this minimizes the dam- 

 age to the young growth. 



The brush is sold or given away, where possible : otherwise it 

 is piled, often in windrows, and these burned where not too ex- 

 pensive, or else it is scattered as uniformly as possible. On 

 areas where the brush has been burned, the reproduction of such 

 species as spruce, is often surprisingly good. 



The degree of subsequent cleanings and thinnings depends 

 directly on the ability to market the product. In the more remote 

 parts of Austria these operations are as yet impossible. 



According as the methods of regenerating stands in Austria 



