Some Aspects of European Forestry. 481 



The methods of artificial regeneration schematically divide 

 into :- 



1. Regeneration by direct seeding: a, Over whole area (broad- 

 cast) ; b, Over partial area (seed spots, furrows, etc.) 



2. Regeneration by planting : 



Character of Plant Material: 



a. Wild stock. 



b. Nursery stock. 



( 1 ) Seedlings. 



(2) Transplants. 



Methods of Planting: 



a. Plants with naked roots, 

 (i) Singly. 



a — In separate holes, 

 b — In furrows, 

 c — On mounds. 

 (2) In twos and threes. 



b. Balled plants. 



Direct seeding aims to follow nature's methods. But because 

 nature's profligacy in the quantity of seed used can not be fol- 

 lowed, the dangers of frost and drought, of heavy rains, dense 

 growth of weeds and grass, seed-eating birds and rodents, etc., 

 are intensified to such a degree that in Austria direct seeding 

 is used, in general, only where these dangers are minimal or the 

 species are especially resistant or are unsuited for planting. His- 

 torically, direct seeding represents the step from natural regenera- 

 tion to planting. The sowing of cones was the first attempt to 

 usurp nature's role. This crude beginning was soon followed 

 by the use of seed which was either sown broadcast on snow or 

 mixed with equal parts of wheat, on clear cut areas after the 

 brush had been burned as it lay. The results were, oftentimes, 

 surprisingly good, probably due in great measure to the fresh- 

 ness of the soil, and the natural seeding in from adjacent uncut 

 stands. 



Where applied now, direct seeding is almost always preceeded 

 by soil preparation and is partial rather than broadcast. The 

 seed is sown in spots, or strips, or. in the case of large-seeded 



