486 Forestry Quarterly. 



nursery in an open place, i. e. not in narrow canyon — like valley, 

 or near swamps and ponds because of the intensified frost danger. 

 The requisite area of seed beds and transplant beds is de- 

 termined according to actual experience in raising stock in the 

 locality, however the following average figures are of interest: 



For 1000, I or 2 year old seed- 

 lings, broadcast sowing, 6 to .7 sq. yds. approximately. 



For 1000, I or 2 year old seed- 

 lings, sown in drills, 9 to i sq. yds. approximately. 



For 1000, 3 year old coniferous 

 transplants, 10 to 14 sq. yds. approximately. 



For 1000, 4 year old coniferous 

 transplants, 15 to 16 sq. yds. approximately. 



The principles of soil preparation are those in common use 

 everywhere, its relation to the development of the tap root Ras, 

 however, been particularly emphasized, namely, that a loosening 

 of the soil to a moderate depth is best since it encourages the 

 development of lateral roots whereas too deep a loosening of 

 the soil merely results in excessive development of the tap roots. 

 As important therefore as it is to work the ground as deeply as 

 possible before direct seeding, in nursery sowing this optimum 

 lies in a moderate depth * Similarly too close a spacing often 

 drives the individual plant to develop tap roots rather than lateral 

 roots. 



It is figured that the one year old coniferous seedling requires 

 at least .39 square inches of growing space, the two year old 

 1.56 sq. inches, and the three year old seedling from 3.51 to 

 4.68 sq. inches. 



There is much contention as to the use of manure in seed beds. 

 Of course it does accelerate growth — this, the opponents of 

 manuring say, is its chief danger; for a plant so pampered is 

 unfitted for the privations of the planting site. It must also be 



*Attempts of Austrian foresters to prevent the development of tap 

 roots by means of an artificial, impenetrable substratum according to the 

 methods outlined by M. Levret in his "Note sur deux noveaux procedes 

 ayant pour effet d'activer le developpment des racines laterales du chene 

 dans la culture en pepiniere" (Paris. 1878), failed of results in tap rooted 

 species, such as oak and pine, which penetrated crevices in the barrier, 

 but worked well in encouraging the lateral development of flat rooted 

 species such as spruce. 



