580 Forestry Quarterly. 



underwood, having, however, prevented the Scotch Pine from 

 growing into "wolves," and keeping it in good form. 



BestandcspUcge der Kicfcr auf gcringen Standorten. Zeitschrift fiir 

 Forst- u. Jagdwesen,- June, 1913, pp. 370-380. 



In Heidelberg, at the congress of foresters 

 Border from southwest Germany, C. Wagner de- 



Cnttings. scribed at considerable length the system 



of border cuttings of which he is the lead- 

 ing exponent. 



In order to show the need for a new method of regeneration, 

 the disadvantages of the three principal systems now in vogue 

 are set forth. Clear cutting over large areas or in strips leads 

 to drying out and deterioration of the soil and therefore the re- 

 sulting growth is slow. This is the scheme usually adopted to 

 secure pure stands of spruce and pine by artificial regeneration. 

 Pure stands are now generally recognized as undesirable on ac- 

 count of their incomplete utilization of the soil and light and 

 their susceptibility to insect and fungus attack. 



The shelterwood system as developed by Hartig, Heyer and 

 Borggreve protects the soil from drying out and deterioration 

 but favors the development of tolerant species only by keeping 

 shade over the area to be regenerated. Moreover, it is difficult 

 to remove the large trees left for shade or seed production without 

 damaging the reproduction. 



The selection system is of value only under extensive condi- 

 tions where the demand will merely permit the marketing of a 

 few species. The returns are low, tolerant species are favored 

 in the regeneration, and it is well nigh impossible to control the 

 composition of the future stand. 



Dr. Wagner's system of border cuttings, described before, may 

 be briefly again described as follows: The cutting takes place in 

 the form of a long strip not wide enough to permit soil deterior- 

 ation and the logs are always removed through the untouched 

 timber so that the reproduction is never disturbed. If necessary 

 to encourage seed production a preliminary thinning may be 

 made. The composition of the new stand can be controlled by 

 the rapidity with which the area to be regenerated is opened up. 

 To reduce to a minimum the possibility of the soil drying out, 

 the fellings are ahvays begun on the north or east sides of the 



