24 Forestry Quarterly 



either the very dense brush should be thinned out before plant- 

 ing, or the scattered areas of open and medium brush should be 

 planted to pine and fir with the intention of letting the fir gradu- 

 ally extend naturally into the adjacent dense brush. 



Aspect — On a northern and northwestern aspect less trees 

 survived the very dense brush than on the western and southern 

 aspects. On the northern and northwestern aspects more trees 

 survived in the open brush than on the western and southern 

 aspects. In other words, the more unfavorable the aspect the 

 more shade seems necessary to produce success. The primary 

 cause for this is undoubtedly difference in degree of insolation 

 of the different aspects. Dense brush on a north aspect is quite 

 as unfavorable as open brush on a south aspect, other factors 

 being equal. The data show that the aspects for pine on the 

 west slope in the order of their favorableness are: western, 

 northwestern, northern, southwestern, southern. 



Brush Species — From observations made it seems that pines are 

 more successful under the intolerant brush species than under 

 the tolerant ones. The tolerant ones should be underplanted with 

 firs and cedars. 



Concerning the method of planting little can be added, except 

 that too much emphasis cannot be laid on the finer points of 

 planting nursery stock. There can be no doubt that planting in 

 the shade of the brush generally increases the chances for suc- 

 cess. This is especially true on the poorer soil and the less 

 favorable aspects. In these cases the shade of the brush tends 

 to become an ameliorating factor, helping to retain the moisture 

 in the soil by reducing evaporation and transpiration. In the case 

 of the intolerant pines there is, of course, a limit to the amount 

 of shade that is beneficial. Firs and cedars would undoubtedly 

 survive in denser shade than would pines. 



While the conclusions derived from this work are by no means 

 indisputable and final, they at least ought to lead to further 

 and more intensive experimentation along these lines, until some- 

 thing definite is obtained. The problem is one that deserves con- 

 centrated and intensive effort of the highest quality. In future 

 operations it should be remembered that for experimental pur- 

 poses five acres of plantation ought to show as much as 40 to 50 

 acres and cost considerably less. For the same reason, 500 trees 

 per acre would serve the same purpose as 1,000 or more per acre. 

 It is highly desirable to stake all trees at the time of planting, 

 so that a more accurate count can be made later. Successful 

 areas should be protected from live stock and fire. 



