194 Forestry Quarterly 



In transferring the subdivision lines to the forest a partial clear- 

 ing of the lines is necessary, so as to facilitate subsequent activ- 

 ities, or in general to fulfill all the subsequent duties to be imposed 

 upon them. The running out of the lines and the clearing may 

 be done in one operation. Three men may form the crew, an in- 

 strument man and two axe-men, one blazing the trees lightly and 

 the other cutting brush. If it is not known whether the lines 

 will remain in their present position it will not be advisable 

 to clean them out too carefully. The lines should be cleaned out 

 just enough to sight with the instrument and to aid in the subse- 

 quent stand differentiation by affording bases from which to 

 work. The cost upon a part of the Mont Alto State Forest for 

 making this transfer and provisional demarcation varied from 

 $1.04 to $4.28 per mile of line. The average cost was $3.81 per 

 mile of line. These charges are somewhat high because it was 

 necessary to re-run a number of lines on account of required 

 shifting following the inspection of the first provisional lines. 



4. Differentiation of Stands. — Every large forest area usually 

 comprises a great number of stands. By the term stand is under- 

 stood any part of a forest having distinctive characteristics. It 

 is a very versatile term and has a wide field of application. Ex- 

 pressions such as a dense stand, a mature stand, an even-aged 

 stand, a mixed stand, a young stand, etc., are used very commonly. 

 In the systematic organization of a forest it is not sufficient to 

 admit the existence of stands, but they must be separated care- 

 fully from each other. Such a separation of the aggregate forest 

 area into stands may be known as stand differentiation. The 

 chief bases or determining factors of stand dift'erentiation are: 



a) Difference of species. 



b) Age. 



c) Silvicultural system of management. 



d) Site-quality. 



e) Density of stocking. 



/) Minimum size of a stand. 



The use of these differentiations is familiar enough not to 

 require elaboration. 



5. Inspection of the Proznsionally Located Subdivision Lines 

 and the Stand Differentiation. — After the provisionally demar- 

 cated subdivision lines have been placed and the stands differen- 



