Periodical Literature 387 



ground only gradually from the outer boundaries ; first softwoods 

 are the pioneers in whose protection oak and beech gradually 

 establish themselves. For this procedure we have no time ! 



The author reaches the conclusion that the first planting on 

 waste places is only a preparation which in a few decades must 

 be followed by the second step of recovery. Hence the cost of 

 first plantations should be reduced as much as possible; sowing 

 even on unprepared ground the author thinks more successful 

 than is usually admitted ; and no great anxiety is necessary to 

 plant up failplaces. He recommends a superficial soil prepara- 

 tion with a mere harrow, sowing broadcast and following with the 

 harrow at right angles to the first operation. After trials, he has 

 reduced the seed quantity (pine) to about 2^ pounds per acre. 

 Lately he ties two harrows together and leaves a strip of five 

 feet unworked between two worked ones, except on the second 

 harrowing, when the unworked area is disregarded. While the 

 apparent first result is not a show plantation, patience will be re- 

 warded in two or three years. Especially on old fields which 

 were not too grassy or weedy this method has furnished good 

 enough results. An addition of lupine seed is found advan- 

 tageous. The soil must, of course, be fit for this kind of cultiva- 

 tion. Any existing volunter growth is, of course, preserved. 



An example of a pine forest started in 1776 to 1784 by sowing 

 pine cones, now 115 to 123 years old, cut over 5,000 cubic feet per 

 acre with 76 per cent workwood, or an average of 45 cubic feet 

 per annum. When the first plantation has done its work to fit 

 the soil, the real economic planting comes. 



Auffor stung von Oedldndereien. Zeitschrift fur Forst- und Jagdwesen, 

 January, 1915, pp. 29-46. 



Under the title "Forestal Questions of 

 Spacing the Day," Dr. Borgman continues to dis- 



of cuss various problems and publications on 



Spruce these. He reports the interesting results 



of the experiments at Wermdorf, Saxony, 

 with various methods of cultivating spruce, and especially with 

 regard to the influence of different spacing, which were begun 50 

 years ago. It is rare that trials on a large scale of so long stand- 

 ing are available as basis for discussion. The area, not less than 



