lo Forestry Quarterly. 



slopes of the higher mountains which are rocky and have Httle 

 soil, are covered with spruce. It is on the middle and lower slopes 

 of these mountains, and on the lower hills and ridges between 

 them, that the hardwood is found. Here the soil is good and 

 fairly deep, and the hardwood occurs sometimes in a pure stand 

 and sometimes with a varying mixture of fir and spruce. The 

 bottom lands' are covered largely by a spruce type with scatter- 

 ing hardwoods, and the swamps by a typical one of spruce and 

 fir. In many places the hardwood slopes have been cleared and 

 used for agricultural purposes. The farms, however are, now 

 largely abandoned, and the pastures and fields are "coming up" 

 either with a hardwood growth, or a growth of pasture, spruce 

 and fir. The country has been largely cut over for spruce, and 

 there is now little old growth spnice in the region. Conse- 

 quently varying degrees of density occur in the hardwood stands, 

 ranging from those which are always pure hardwood to those 

 in which there are a few scattering hardwood trees left after the 

 removal of spruce. 



2. Tree Ponn. 



The hardwood trees in this region are for the most part two 

 log trees. The merchantable length seldom exceeds' 32 feet 

 at which height the trees begin to branch. In the smaller dia- 

 meters there are of course a number of trees from which only one 

 log is cut, and in the larger diameters a number of three log 

 trees occur. The following is the percentage of one, two and 

 three log trees as obtained in collecting data for the volume 

 tables. Birch: 23% one-log, 62% two-log, 15% three-log; 

 Maple: 22% one-log, 60% two-log, and 18% three-log; Beech: 

 37% one-log, 58% two-log, 5% three-log trees. In connection 

 with these facts it should be borne in mind that a tree having 

 a merchantable length of 32 feet might be cut either into two 16 

 foot logs or into two 10- foot logs and a 12-foot log. 



5. Defects. 



Nearly one-half of the logs cut were defective or abnormal 

 in some particular. These logs have been classified according 

 to their defects and their classification is given in an accompany- 

 ing table. In addition to showing the number of logs possessing 

 the various defects', this table also shows the way in which these 



