12 I-\)rcstry Ouarterly. 



a shaky log being No. 3 Common. Miscellaneous defects in- 

 clude such defects as fire-scars, "burls," forks, logs split in felling, 

 etc. When a log had more than one defect it was placed in that 

 class of defect which was considered to be the most serious. The 

 accompanying table gives an idea of the prevalence of each de- 

 fect and its influence on volume. This table includes only such 

 defects as were apparent in the log and does not include defects 

 which were disclosed by sawing. In birch and maple there were 

 few hidden defects, but the beech "opened up" poorer than ex- 

 ternal appearances would lead one to expect. 



4. Woods Practice. 



It was' the practice in the woods to utilize the trees up to their 

 first branches or in the case of the smaller trees to a diameter 

 of eight inches. In other words, the smallest logs sent to the 

 mill were supposed to be 8 inches, top diameter. Practically no 

 logs were taken above the first branches. This practice causes 

 a large amount of material suitable for cooperage stock to be 

 left in the woods, in the form of short lengths. Logs were cut 

 into 10, 12, 14 and 16 foot lengths, and as a rule were saweid 

 to good advantage. The usual stump height at which trees were 

 cut was about 20 inches for trees' under 15 inches D. B. H., and 

 28 inches for trees over 15 inches D. B. H. 



5. Mill Practice. 



In the manufacture of the logs at the mill a single action 

 band-saw cutting a i" saw-kerf was used. The lumber was 

 graded before seasoning. This was done according to the grad- 

 ing rules of the National Hardwood Lumber Association. Clear 

 boards' not wide enough to go into firsts and seconds were as 

 far as possible graded as clear strips. There was also a con- 

 siderable amount of No. i Common strips. In order to avoid 

 a further complexity of grades, both these grades of strips were 

 included in the No. i Common grade. A small amount of 

 No. 2 Common strips was placed in the No. 2 Common grade. 



By far the greater part of the output of the mill was sawed into 

 one inch stock, sawed i^" to allow for shrinkage — 85% of the 

 birch, 90% of the maple, and 70% of the beech went into this 

 size. While tlie data were being collected a considerable amount 



