Graded Volume Tables. 15 



description of defects and form of tree. Measurements of butt 

 logs were recorded in a separate column. 



In making the mill tallies the logs were measured for length and 

 diameter at small end, and visible defects were inspected and de- 

 scribed. The volume and grades- of boards cut from each log 

 were tallied on cards printed for this purpose. Here again butt 

 logs were separated from upper logs. 



During the process of tabulating the results, the effort was 

 made to secure separate log scales for non-defective butt and 

 non-defective top logs. Owing to the number of grades in birch 

 and the somewhat limited amount of data in the case of the maple 

 and beech, this plan was abandoned. All logs, defective, non- 

 defective, butts and tops were then averaged together and form 

 the basis of the log scales given below. As may be seen in table 

 No. 2 the effect of the form of butt logs is well marked only 

 among the larger diameters. It should be kept in mind that a 

 high proportion of the bigger butt logs are defective, and the 

 loss in volume due to this cause seems to offset more or less the 

 gain produced by the 'swell' of the butt. Furthermore it should 

 be noted that the average tree contained two logs, one butt and 

 one top log, and therefore errors in the log scales due to non- 

 separation of butts and tops would tend to compensate more or 

 less' when tlie mill tallies were used in the preparation of volume 

 tables. In tabulating results data were averaged in the usual 

 manner and curved once. 



Cost of Preparation. 



As has been stated previously one half of the data for the 

 tables \vere secured by inexperienced student labor. The rest 

 of the data were collected and tabulated by more experienced 

 men and affords a better basis for estimating conservatively the 

 total cost of constructing the tables. 



The time consumed in measuring 1200 trees in the woods, 

 3500 logs in the mill, and tabulating the results was two months 

 for two men. This gives a total cost of from $200-$3O0 for the 

 preparation of the log scales and volume tables.* It should be 

 kept in mind that the data used were secured in a one band mill 



*Cost of labor figured at $50 per month per man — current wages paid 

 to graduates of leading forestry schools by consulting foresters. 



