Periodical Literature. 283 



relatively disadvantageous. The owner himself is obliged to state 

 the value of his forest, as well as of the damage, if any, the as- 

 sociation reserving the right to review both. The association 

 pays all damage, no matter what the cause of the fire. Usually 

 the insured has to insure his entire property, and the agreement 

 is made for at least five years. No damage is paid unless at 

 least 2| acres are involved. Premiums are paid for the year in 

 advance, and an additional premium up to treble the original 

 may, if necessary, be levied. At present forests in the districts 

 with satisfactory laws against forest fires are taxed i;^ per cent., 

 unless the forest is located in a zone of special danger (e. g. in 

 the neighborhood of towns), when if per cent, is levied, the 

 same as in other districts not well provided against fire. No 

 special consideration is made as regards railroads passing through 

 forest country, since the railroad companies are liable. It is 

 expected that as the number of insured grows smaller premiums 

 will suffice. 



Die Waldversicherung in Norwegen. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fiir 

 Forstwesen, January, 1914, pp. 21-24. 



UTILIZATION, MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY. 



Professor Jaccard has published the re- 



Failure of suits of his investigations into the char- 



Wood in acter of the failure in compression parallel 



Compression. to the grain. His first studies were with 



specimens ruptured in a testing machine ; 



later he included natural failures such as are found at the base 



of limbs, in crotches, and other places on trees where as a result 



of growth the fibers were subjected to stress great enough to 



cause failure. 



He finds that there does not exist a specific type of rupture, 

 i. e. one that is characteristic of every ligneous species, and that 

 test blocks taken from the same kind of wood or even from the 

 same log, may show on their homologous faces lines of rupture 

 of little similarity. On the other hand when the test blocks are 

 taken from woods that are of similar structure though of differ- 

 ent species the lines of rupture of homologous faces may exhibit 

 great resemblance. This is due to the fact that the resistance of 

 the fibers is influenced in an analogous manner by the size, num- 



