412 Forestry Quarterly. 



in a ten-hour day, will spend i^ hours felling, 3^ hours limbing 

 and scoring, 3 hours facing, i hour bucking, i^ hours peeling. At 

 this rate the average cost of each operation is as follows : — 



Felling, $0.01 1 per tie 



Limbing and Scoring, .032 " " 



Facing, 027 " " 



Bucking, .009 " " 



Peeling, ,011 



(( ii 



ii a 



Total, $0.09 



One man making 20 ties per day of the average grades earns 

 $1.83 per day. However, loss of time due to getting supplies and 

 inspections and the wear and tear on tools reduces their daily 

 wage to approximately $1.50 per day. 



The season in which most of the hewn ties are made is between 

 May first and October first. While the better tie makers prefer to 

 work during the summer, some of the less skillful prefer to work 

 during the winter, because the frozen timber is less liable to sliver, 

 rendering it easier for the less skillful man to make a smooth 

 face on a crooked-grained or knotty tie. 



Brush Disposal. 

 All limbs are lopped from tops which are left in the woods. 

 Large limbs are cut up so that when piled the piles are about four 

 feet high and eight feet across. The piles are placed from ten to 

 fifteen feet from the nearest top, tree, reproduction or other in- 

 flammable material, except in extreme cases which would work 

 a hardship on the operators. Such cases are left to the discre- 

 tion of the Forest Officer in charge of the sale. As a rule each 

 tie maker piles his own brush for which the operators pay him 

 $0.03 per tree, or approximately $0,011 per tie. 



Skidding, Hauling and Yarding. 

 The contractors are desirous of allowing a month or two to 

 elapse between the time the ties are made and the time they are 

 hauled in order to take advantage of the weight lost in drying. 

 In some cases it is possible for the haulers to drive to where the 

 ties lie in the woods and load them directly on their wagons. 

 Where this is impossible skidding is necessary. Skidding is usual- 



