576 Forestry Quarterly 



of a special glue ("caterpillar lime") around the trunks of the trees 

 at about breast height, which was done at a cost of 20 rubles per 

 hectare ($6.50 per acre). First, approximately, the infected area 

 must be thinned, then a ring smoothed on the bark of each tree 

 to make a surface for the glue. However, this method proved 

 valueless, since the larvae hatched out from the tgg clusters 

 above this ring, and it is impossible to collect the egg masses 

 because they are laid on all parts of the tree. 



The only methods of combating this pest are to cut out all in- 

 fected trees, to cut clean and change species, or to change the 

 system of management of the spruce, giving many more thinnings 

 than is customary. If a tree becomes infected in the summer it 

 must be cut and the bark burned before the eggs hatch in the fol- 

 lowing spring, otherwise an enormous number of new larvae will 

 develop ; besides, the wood of the tree will begin to deteriorate, 

 being attacked by blue rot and other fungi. 



The rabbit is a great enemy of oak plantations, eating the 

 leaves and gnawing the bark of the young trees. Shooting seems 

 to be the only means of checking the damage caused by this 

 animal since poisoning has proven unsuccessful. 



Forest Laws. Over twenty-three years ago a law was en- 

 acted making it compulsory for every private owner of forest land 

 to have a working plan for his forest, and only permitting him 

 to cut the timber in such a way that a continuous supply will be 

 assured from the holdings. 



For stealing timber from windfalls the penalty for the first of- 

 fense is a fine of 50 rubles plus the actual value of the timber; 

 for the second ofifense from one to three months' imprisonment ; 

 and for the third offense from one to six months' imprisonment. 

 The penalty is much higher for stealing logs already cut for tim- 

 ber, or for felling trees. If the timber is stolen from a planted 

 area the fine is possibly thirty times as much as that for the first 

 trespass on wind thrown timber. 



The laws in regard to forest fires are very severe and rigidly 

 enforced. No fire warning notices are posted anywhere except 

 in the office of the head man in each village. If a fire is started 

 by carelessness such as smoking, etc., the fine is 100 rubles. Fires 

 started maliciously are divided into two grades in regard to 

 penalties. The first penalty is a jail sentence of from four to six- 



