624 Forestry Quarterly 



formation {e. g., red sandstone of the geologist comprises clays and 

 limestones), he contends that at least in Germany and Austria 

 the problem of soil mapping is not solved. Cooperation of 

 geologist, petrographer, chemist with agriculturist and forester, 

 the practical men, who know what the map is to be used for in 

 practice, is necessary to solve it; and the map maker needs special 

 preparation for his business with special knowledge of the needs of 

 agrictdtiire and forestry. The information on the map should be 

 such as to direct practical problems: the statement that a soil 

 contains much lime means that manure is quickly decomposed and 

 utilized; a sand or granite soil, poor in lime, indicates danger of 

 raw humup and hard pan formation, that manuring without liming 

 is without value, that some tree species like the beech do not 

 prosper on such soils. Sufficiency of lime in the fodder is of 

 significance for meat and fat production. Even soils derived 

 from limestone contain often only traces of lime, which one 

 would not suspect unless the map calls attention to it. A soil 

 map for practical use should be on a scale of not less than 1 : 25,000, 

 and for detail maps 1:5000 (the U. S. Soil Survey seems satisfied 

 with a scale of 1 : 62,000). It should give answer direct or indirect 

 to the following questions: elevation above sea level; exposure; 

 degree of slope; drainage data; irrigation possibilities; water level 

 (accessible to roots) and stagnant water; typical soil profils and 

 soil classification of upper and lower strata; petrographic character 

 of geological formation; presence of stones, quantity, size and 

 location ; lime contents of upper and lower strata (most important) ; 

 himius contents ; clay and sand contents (heavy and light soils) . 



Besides the main map, the author suggests parallel or aid maps 

 on transparent paper, giving some details by which to relieve the 

 legends on the main map. 



Besides borings, fewer or more according to circumstances and 

 at least 6 feet deep, sample diggings are necessary to secure insight 

 into the stratification of the soils which influence aeration and water 

 conductivity. In loose soil the depth of bore holes may have to 

 be extended to 16 feet, since for forest purposes in such soils the 

 water conditions to that depth come into consideration. Depth to 

 layers of impenetrable soil and to groundwater need to be ascer- 

 tained, the latter by observation through several years. Since on 

 soils liable to raw humus formation or to other deterioration the 

 growing of even-aged uniform stands must be avoided, it would be 



