112 Forestry Quarterly 



H. O. Coventry writes interestingly of 

 The Olive the native Punjab olive (Oleo cuspidata). 

 of In India it withstands heat, drought, and 



The Punjab moderate frosts during the winter months. 

 The mean annual rainfall varies from 15 

 to 30 inches. It grows on high alluvial plains and low lying 

 hills, but requires a good depth of soil. Reproduction from seed 

 is poor on account of grazing, but it coppices and root suckers 

 readily. The overgrazing naturally results in the absence of 

 humus. The forests are used for firewood, poles and for fodder. 

 The firewood return is estimated to average about 300 cubic feet 

 (stacked) per acre. The tree attains a height of 30 to 40 feet 

 and a diameter up to 24 inches ; it develops a long taproot and 

 is slow in the first few years' growth. This species should un- 

 questionably be tried out by experimenters in southern California, 

 .since, apparently, it would be admirably adapted to some of the 

 hills around Los Angeles and San Diego. T. S. W., Jr. 



The Indian Forester, November, 1915, pp. 391-8. 



BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY 



Under this rarely used term Dr. Sed- 

 Ethology laczek of the Austrian Experiment Station 



of the depicts the character of the animal world 



Fauna in the beech forest in a most fascinating 



in and practically useful manner on around 



Beech Forest 80 pages. To explain the term the author 

 states: "biology, the doctrine of the life 

 activities of animals, may be divided into two parts : physiology, 

 which treats of the functions of organs, and ethology, which 

 describes the life of the animal as an individual, and especially 

 its relations to the environment." "The object of ethological 

 studies is to explain scientifically the occurrences in the outer 

 life of a definite group of animals and thus to secure a safe basis 

 for practical application," in the present case for forest protec- 

 tion. (This would make ethology the philosophical part of 

 ecology and phenology! Ed.) 



Usually these studies, as far as forest protection is involved, 

 have concerned themselves with the ethology of the single species. 

 The author, perhaps for the first time, discusses groups of species, 

 indeed the entire fauna in combination in connection with their 

 special habitat — what is called biocoenosis. 



