118 Forestry Quarterly 



the forest. In winter on account of the generally higher tem- 

 peratures and the heating of the local bare spots and trees, the 

 snow melts more rapidly in the forest than in the park. In 

 spring, on the contrary, the formation of slush, the strong sun- 

 shine, and higher wind velocity in the park cause the snow to 

 melt a week, or even more than two weeks, before the last drifts 

 of snow in the forest. The frozen soil and the basal ice layer in 

 the park allow the water to run off very rapidly, while only occa- 

 sionally is there any surface run-off in the forest. The value of 

 open forest for water conservation is evident. 



The Influence of a Western Yellow Pine Forest on the Accumulation and 

 Melting of Snow. Science, 1916, p. 213. 



SILVICULTURE, PROTECTION AND EXTENSION 



Dr. Schwappach reports on experiments 



Cultural in five lines of cultural experimentation, 



Experiments namely as to the influence of method in 



in planting; the influence of different spac- 



S pacing ing; the result of mixing Scotch pine and 



P. rigida; the resistance to snowbreak in 



different spacings; the influence of early severe thinnings on 



spruce stands. 



The author points out that most attempts to determine influ- 

 ence of method, relative value of planting tools, questions of 

 cost, and a number of other similar inquiries have proved failures, 

 often because too many experiments were started at once; be- 

 cause as far as costs are concerned, the small nursery experi- 

 ment is not translatable into broad practice; because the influ- 

 ence of different methods and use of different tools is soon lost, 

 and differences in results occur with the same method as striking 

 as with different methods. 



Of the large number of experiments made in Prussia under 

 observation for 30 years, only 14 are tabulated as of some value, 

 and of these only 11 are of special use, mostly those with differ- 

 ent spacings in pine and spruce. Plantations of pine with one- 

 year, two-year seedlings and transplants, and three-year with 

 ball do not show a notable difference, but on the whole the one- 

 year pine deserves preference. The planting with ball is char- 

 acterized by special height development of the 100 stoutest 

 stems ; otherwise shows no advantage. 



