Periodical Literature 149 



Some 20,000 cases of infractions of the conservation law came 

 before the committees in 1911, but not more than 7600 were 

 adjudicated. 



In the same pubHcation, one chapter brings a sketch of the 

 forests of the Caucasus, and four chapters are devoted to dis- 

 cussions of fixation of shifting sands in various parts of the 

 empire. These shifting sands are the result of forest destruc- 

 tion and excessive pasture. There are dififerences in condition 

 calling for different treatment, various grasses, willows, poplars, 

 pine, black locust, oak, maple and mulberry find use in this 

 work. In Astrachan, since 1904, some 140,000 acres have been 

 recuperated at a cost of around $200,000, mostly borne by the 

 State, the communes contributing about 15 per cent. 



Aus dem Jahrbuch des Russischen Forstdepartemenis von 1911. Zeitschrift 

 fur Forst- und Jagdwesen, May, 1915, pp. 309-15. 



A very interesting historical reference is 



Forest made by von Wangenheim, a descendant 



Organization of the well-known forester, to whom the 



in American forest botanists owe some recog- 



Poland nition. 



It is, perhaps, not known that in the 

 third division of Poland (1795), Prussia secured nearly all the 

 territory which the German armies now occupy, Warsaw included, 

 but in 1815 was forced to give it up to Russia. 



In 1798, von Wangenheim, the older, then Oberforstmeister 

 at Gumbinnen, received instructions to organize the 1,500,000 

 more or less of forest properties, located in the two departments 

 of Bialystock and Plock in "New-East-Prussia." 



The full language of the instructions is given, which are remark- 

 able in the absolute reliance on Wangenheim's judgment and the 

 free hand which the government gave to the organizer as regards 

 method of organization, determination of felling budgets, per- 

 sonnel to be employed ; merely giving him an idea of the general 

 policy to be pursued. 



Among other interesting provisions, the following language is 

 characteristic: "The forest ordinance for East Prussia and 

 Lithuania, of 1775, may be used as a basis for a similar one 

 for the new province with the needful modifications dictated by 



