320 Forestry Quarterly 



In the northern forests spruce at 200 years, commonly with 

 14 inch diameter, cuts 5300 feet, while the largest trees reach 

 121 feet in height and 38 inch diameter. Larch-pine-spruce for- 

 est on clay soil in 160 years cuts 6500 cubic feet per acre. 



In addition to the above species, Pinus cembra and Abies sibir- 

 tea are discussed. 



The logging is done mostly for logs alone, in selection fashion, 

 the standard log being 23 }i feet in length and 8^ inches 

 in diameter at top. Lately, the strip method has been employed 

 and pulpwood secured as well. Stumpage prices for Scotch pine 

 is from 2 to 5 cents, for spruce from 1 to 3^ cents per cubic 

 foot (say from $1.25 to $6 per M feet b.m.). River driving 

 and rafting is the usual means of transportation. In 1912, 

 the allowable cut in the northern national forests was set at 

 942,480,000 cubic feet, the actual cut was only 40 per cent of 

 this. 



Since the pine and spruce grows naturally in even-aged stands, 

 the diameter limit cutting leads to devastation and the supposi- 

 tion that after the first selection, a rotation of 60 to 80 years 

 would suffice has not been realized ; 140 to 160 years is stated 

 as proper rotation. 



In the other provinces of European Russia to the south of a 

 line from Petrograd to Ufa, conifers still predominate, but 

 broadleaf trees are admixed or occur in pure stands. Oak, in 

 220 years, with a diameter of 30 inch and height of 120 feet, 

 often yields 6500 cubic feet per acre. Fraxinus and Tilia also 

 abound. Yield statements for this region are unfortunately 

 omitted. 



Stumpage prices in this region vary much from province to 

 province, the lowest prices even for oak and pine being 1 cent 

 per cubic foot, and for spruce even ^ cent ; on the other 

 hand the highest prices are 11 cents for spruce, 13 cents for 

 pine and 24 cents for oak ; these prices for coniferous wood 

 resemble our own White pine stumpage prices. 



In these forests, more intensive management is possible ; rota- 

 tions usually are 120 years for pine, 100 years for spruce, 160 

 years for oak and 60 years for oak coppice. In most national 

 forests a strip clear-cutting system for all three species is fol- 

 lowed, the width of the strip being 140 to 210 feet; for other 



