Periodical Literature 321 



hardwoods than oak 350 feet; sometimes for pme 10 seed trees 

 are left on the strip ; or for spruce and oak, under favorable 

 economic conditions, planting is taken recourse to. 



Here about 81 per cent of the permissible cut was actually 

 realized in 1913. 



The forests of the Caucasus are rich in species {see F. Q., 

 viii, p. 494, and xii, p. 100). Among the 100 real timber species, 

 six conifers appear, coniferous forest occupying one quarter of 

 the forest area. Among the hardwoods. Black walnut, beech, 

 chestnut and 11 species of maple are enumerated. Spruce and 

 pine, of which latter there are six species, grow up to 7,000 and 

 8,000 foot elevation. The Black Sea coast forest is said to resem- 

 ble in luxuriance of development the Pacific Coast forest. Similar 

 luxuriance is found on the west coast of the Caspian Sea, where 

 Bnxus sempervirens, Parrotia persica, Quercus castanifolia are 

 holding sway. Sixty per cent of the forest is, however, made up 

 of beech, oak, and hornbeam. 



The production varies with species from 5,000 cubic feet (oak 

 at 120 years) to 8,000 feet (pine at 120 and beech at 200 years), 

 12,000 feet for spruce and 16,000 feet per acre for fir, the latter 

 two in 250 years rotation when d.b.h. are from 5 to 7 feet and 

 heights 170 to 180 feet. 



Stumpage prices vary here from 1 to 5, and for conifers to 8 

 cents per foot. In 1912, only one fifth of the permitted cut was 

 realized ; lack of transportation being the drawback. 



The forests of xA.siatic Russia are as diversified over the 

 enormous area as the climate, from the north country, as for 

 instance around Yakutsk, where the quicksilver freezes in the 

 thermometer, to the dry, hot mountains of Turkestan. 



The forests of the west slope of the Ural Mountains remind 

 one of those of the European northeast districts, a mixture 

 ("black taiga") of Picea obovata, Abies sibirica, Pinus cembra 

 and Larix sibirica. White birch and aspen come in after fire 

 ("white taiga"), and to a limited extent oak and elm appear. 

 Pure pine forest is found "along sandy borders on the elevated 

 right-hand banks of the rivers," hence the more rivers the more 

 pine forest. The farther east one goes from the foot of the 

 mountains, limestone out-croppings increasing are productive of 

 growing frequency of larch, two species, L. sibirica and dahurica, 



