Periodical Literature 331 



For pure stands under a clearing method with planting, in which 

 fellings are located by definite lines, considerations for a strict 

 felling series are of more importance than with natural regenera- 

 tion which adapts the outlines of fellings to topography. The 

 dangers from wind and sun dictate the directions in which 

 fellings are to progress. Where drouth is to be feared, as in most 

 German conditions, the progress from north to south is indicated, 

 but in Switzerland with ample precipitation, this consideration in 

 most cases does not have any importance. On the contrary, it 

 is often desirable to open towards the south in order to warm the 

 soil, especially in high alpine situations. 



To avoid wind danger, progress from northeast to southwest 

 is now considered the most satisfactory, or where direction of 

 winds differs a position of the front of fellings turned by 45° 

 from the direction of the most dangerous winds. Dealing with 

 natural regeneration, wind resistance of the seed trees is to be 

 secured by timely thinnings, which method is lately much advo- 

 cated in Switzerland, when a greater freedom as to location of 

 fellings may also be granted and regard can be paid to the needs 

 of the reproduction for protection against frost, heat and weeds 

 by even distribution of the nursetrees. 



For mixed stands, Martin advocates specially Gayer's group 

 method, opening the crown cover by small holes not only over 

 volunteer growth, but in closed stands in more or less regular 

 distribution, and gauging the opening so as to give advantage 

 to one or the other species. Such procedure produces the desira- 

 ble uneven conditions for development. It is however, to be 

 realized that only the first openings, say of the diameter of tree 

 height, in their center, have favorable conditions for regeneration, 

 the margin and subsequent openings introduce difficulties from 

 insolation and competition of the old timber and weeds; snow- 

 breakage, too, is increased. 



Since in pure stands, there is no call for creating uneven con- 

 ditions of regeneration, or favoring one part of the stand against 

 another, the group method is not applicable here. But to pre- 

 serve and advance a species, which without assistance of the 

 manager would lag behind the other or be crowded out, openings 

 made in such a manner as to secure earlier regeneration of the 

 species to be favored than the other are an excellent means of 



