Periodical Literature 343 



accept and manage according to their calculations, but to modify 

 according to silvicultural, technical and economic considerations. 

 Forest valuation and organization must in their results, and in 

 the deductions from these results, be in full accord, if they are 

 based on theoretically correct basis and are to lead to practically 

 attainable results. Just because the expectancy calculations do 

 not lead to results which can be realized in practice without 

 arbitrary modifications, these calculations must be based on false 

 theory and should be abandoned. 



The author then contends that calculations should be made only 

 with present sale values. Moreover, he denies that the value of 

 the soil is a measure for arriving at the best method of man- 

 agement or organization ; the value of the stock alone is determi- 

 native, for with the value of the growing stock rises and falls the 

 value of the increment, the annual forest rent, or net yield. "The 

 amount of the average annual income which different manage- 

 ment, especially different rotations, can produce, gives the only 

 judgment as to which, under given present conditions, is most ad- 

 vantageous to the owner." Thus, for a forest near a city, on ac- 

 count of higher wood prices and of a market for small material, 

 a relatively low rotation may show itself advantageous, while 

 for a forest more distant from market, the opposite may be found 

 advantageous. A certain definite basis for organization can thus 

 be established. Stock and increment alone determine what kind of 

 management is admissible and advisable. 



The author continue his iconoclastic invective by declaring all 

 the methods of regulation, allotment methods, management classes 

 (working sections), predetermined rotation, etc., as having only 

 historical or theoretical value. Away with the straight-jacket; 

 freedom for the manager ! [We note that later on, he uses these 

 regulators nevertheless!] 



If for a given forest, the mean annual total increment has been 

 determined by estimate on the basis of yield tables, and it has 

 been shown that this increment can be secured in "ripe" stands 

 continuously without diminishing the growing stock, regenera- 

 tion being provided, the problem of organization is solved. The 

 "age of ripeness," the author, when first bringing forward this 

 "method of exchange values" in 1889, defined as the age at which 

 the value of a stand per acre coincides with the value of the nor- 

 mal stock per acre. The author in his earlier publication proved 



