406 Forestry Quarterly 



was the most noted. In 1775 he wrote a manual in two volumes 

 which he called A systematic introduction to the newer forestry upon 

 a physico-economic basis, the greater and best part of which con- 

 cerned itself with forest botany. Burgsdorf, his successor as 

 director at the Forest School at Berlin, wrote excellent monographs 

 upon the oak and the beech, touching especially their botanical 

 silvical relations. His plan was to treat all other species important 

 to forestry in a similar way, but the pressure of his office duties 

 did not permit this. Later, however, he published a manual in 

 two volumes (1788, 1796), in which he treated particularly the 

 subject of forest botany. 



Among those who advanced forest botany in the first decade of 

 the nineteenth century should be mentioned Walther, Borkhausen, 

 Reimi, and in a lesser degree Bechstein. These men wrote manuals 

 of forest botany and treated the life histories of trees and other 

 forest flora of Germany. Among the later forest botanists should 

 be noted Willkomm, Goeppert, and particularly T. Hartig who 

 gained renown not only in forest botany, but especially in thi field 

 of anatomy and physiology. T. Hartig's classic, Anatomie und 

 Physiologie der Holzpflanzen appeared in 1878. 



Worthy of mention are the writings of Gotta and Meyer in the 

 beginning of the nineteenth century in the realm of plant physi- 

 ology. Gotta wrote in 1806 on Observations upon the movement 

 and function of sap in plants vuiih special reference to woody plants. 

 Meyer in 1808 wrote on The science of the effect of natural forces 

 upon the growth and nourishment of forest trees, based upon theory 

 and practice. 



These early attempts, which were all of a forest botanical 

 nattu"e, have comparatively little significance so far as tangible 

 results are concerned, but great significance in so far that they 

 were the first indication that the life of trees and forests and their 

 relation to the environment were being scrutinized more closely. 

 Likewise these sporadic attempts opened the eyes of many forest- 

 ers, and not a few at one time or another recognized how meager 

 was the knowledge at hand concerning the science of silviculture. 

 Heinrich Gotta in his preface to his Anweisung zum Waldbau. 

 which was pubHshed in 1817 said, that thirty years ago he prided 

 himself on knowing forestry science well, but that during this long 

 period he had come to see very clearly how little he knew of the 

 basic scientific principles of forestry. 



The publication, in 1852, of Gustav Heyer's Verhalten der 

 Waldbdume gegen Licht und Schatten marked one of the earliest 



