History of Forest Ecology 421 



means of systematic propaganda. In the second period this fonna- 

 tive condition gave rise to differentiated and more permanent struc- 

 turts. The period from 1891 to 1909 may be termed the period of 

 the creation of National Forests, the adjustment of their adminis- 

 tration, the building-up of an organization for their protection, 

 and the beginning of effective appropriations for making the forests 

 accessible and useful. In this period the names of Theodore 

 Roosevelt, Gifford Pinchot, Bernhard E. Fernow and Filibert Roth 

 deserve special mention. From 1909 to the present time is dis- 

 tinctly a period of the perfection of the organization at hand and 

 the real beginning of forestry investigations of all kinds. Henry 

 S. Graves has been instrumental in bringing about rational progress 

 in the former field of activity and Raphael Zon has done more than 

 any other forester in establishing sil\4cal investigations on a firm 

 basis. 



It is quite obvious that previous to 1909 the time was not ripe 

 for intensive ecological investigations. Greater and more urgent 

 problems needed attention. It is true, however, that during the 

 first two periods investigative work was initiative. While much 

 of the work done, especially in the first period, has small value 

 from the scientific standpoint, still some investigations carried on 

 in the second period are pioneer works of permanent value. The 

 establishment of forest experiment stations since 1909 was, of 

 course, the actual beginning of experimental forest ecology; just 

 as the erection of a forest products laboratory was the beginning of 

 industrial forest investigations. 



During the incumbency of F. B. Hough as Commissioner (1876- 

 83) appropriations for forestry work were very limited and special 

 original research was, of course, excluded. Hough compiled three 

 large "Reports on Forestry" (1877, 1880, 1882) which were pub- 

 lished by Congress. These contained information upon a wide 

 range of subjects, including some dealing with silviculture. Hough, 

 however, treated the subject of forestry as an interested layman, 

 not as a professional forester, and his reports, while valuable 

 compilations of existing facts, contained no original investigations. 

 Eggleston, his successor (1883-86) was a preacher and like Hough 

 did not see the subject from the scientific point of view. He 

 compiled one report (1884) which was published by the Department 

 of Agriculture. Its chief value lies in containing what may be 

 termed the first silvical notes deahng with forest conditions in 



