430 



Forestry Quarterly 



1895-1916. The period of mod- 

 ern plant ecology; dealing with 

 the study of the habitat; the 

 exact determination of phy- 

 sical factors; ecology allied 

 itself with plant physiology; 

 whole field of plant ecology 

 divided into autecology and 

 synecology and otherwise 

 organized. The works of 

 Schimper, Drude and Warm- 

 ing characterize this period. 



1870-1916. The period of mod- 

 ern forest ecology; period char- 

 acterized by the estabhshment 

 of forest experiment stations 

 by most forestry practicing 

 nations. The beginning of 

 experimental ecology and the 

 measurement of habitat fac- 

 tors. Forest experiment sta- 

 tionstake up the study of forest 

 soils, forest influences, forest 

 litter, forest climatology, the 

 effect of source of seed, and 

 the ecological bases for thin- 

 nings. Works of Wagner, 

 Mayr and Duesberg are the 

 highest expression of the ap- 

 plication of modern forest 

 ecology to the practice of 

 silviculture. 



V. BIBLIOGRAPHY 



1. Clements, F. E., Research methods in ecology. Lincoln, Nebr. 1905. 



2. Berg, E. von, Das Verdrangen der Laubwalder durch die Fichte und 

 Kiefer. Grisebach Berichte 15. 1844. 



3. HoFMANN, H., Der nordliche Ural and das Kustengebirge Pae-Choi. 

 1856. 



4. Warming, E., Fra Vesterhavskystens Marskegne. Vid. Medd. Foren. 

 1890. 



5. MiDDENDORFF, A., Die Gewachse Sibiriens. 1864. 



6. Senft, F., Der Erdboden. Just, 45. 1888. 



7. Warming, E., Plantesamfund, Grvmdtrok af den oekologiske Plante- 

 geografi. 1895. 



8. Drude, O., Deutschlands Pflanzengeographie. 1896. 



9. Warming, E., Lehrbuch der oecologischen Pflanzengeographie. 1896. 



10. Schimper, A. F. W., Pflanzengeographie auf physiologischer Grundlage. 

 Jena. 1898. 



11. Bonnier, G., Les plantes arctiques comparees aux m6mes esp^ces des 

 Alps et des Pyrenees. Rev. Gen. Bot., 6:505. 1894. 



12. Bonnier, G., Cultures experimentales dans les Alps et les Pyrenees 

 Rev. Gen. Bot., 2:514. 1890. 



13. Bonnier, G., Recherches experimentales sur I'adaptation des plantes 

 au climat alpin. Ann. Nat. Sci. 7:20:218. 1895. 



14. Solms-Laubach, H., Die leitenden Gesichtspunkte einer allgemeinen 

 Pflanzengeographie. 1905. 



15. Warming, E., Oecology of plants. Oxford. 1909. 



16. Clements, E. S., The relation of leaf structure to physical factors. 

 Trans. Am. Micro. Soc, 25. 1905. 



17. Clements, F. E., Peculiar zonal formations of the Great Plains. Am. 

 Nat. 31:968. 1897. 



18. Clements, F. E., The development and structure of vegetation. Rep. 

 Bot. Survey Neb. 7. 1904. 



19. Clements, F. E., Formation and succession herbaria. Univ. Nebraska 

 Studies 4:329, 1904. 



