442 Forestry Quarterly 



comparative costs for different diameters are approximately in the 

 same general ratio for the same classes of operations, and they can 

 be accepted as presenting these ratios. The conclusions, moreover, 

 could seem to open a field for exact accounting, with the tree as the 

 basis which is supplemental to the system developed by Mr. 

 Goodman for tracking the production costs of grades and stocks. 



The mill and fisld data which are presented cover several types 

 of operations and classes of timber. The initial data were collected 

 for a Shortleaf pine operation in 1909 and a summary of the con- 

 clusions therefrom has already been made.^ These results are 

 supplemented with figures which have been obtained as occasion 

 admitted in connection with other work. 



The field work for (a) felling and bucking and (b) skidding was 

 carried on at both large and small operations of pine and hardwoods 

 in Tennessee, Virginia and North Carolina. The data for (c) 

 loading and hauling were obtained from a large hardwood operation 

 in North Carolina and a hemlock operation in Virginia. The 

 figures for (d) mill sawing were obtained from pine and hardwood 

 operations both with circular and band saws in Tennessee and 

 North Carolina. They cover both railroad and team operations. 



In a railroad operation there are four major stages in the progress 

 of conversion in which the decrease in the size of the timber tends 

 to increase the cost of the operation. These stages are : (a) felling 

 and bucking; (b) skidding from the point where the tree is felled 

 to the skid way or log pile; (c) loading logs on cars, hauling from 

 the woods to the mill and unloading: (d) sawing at the mill. 



In addition to these major stages there are less important stages 



' Small Timber and Logging Costs, Proceed. So. Log. Assn. Nov., 1914. 



North Carolina Pine, 127, 1915. 



In the appraisal of stumpage of small trees on cutover and heavily culled 

 land and of small trees sold to the Government with the surface by vendors 

 who reserved the rights to operate the larger timber on land being acquired 

 under the Act of March 1, 1911, under which National Forests are being 

 established in the Eastern States, the necessity for more complete data cover- 

 ing the cost of operating small timber was soon apparent. Information 

 bearing on this subject was consequently secured from time to time as occasion 

 arose in connection with the appraisal of diJBFerent properties. Most of this 

 was obtained according to a definite plan so that it is now possible to co- 

 ordinate it and determine certain general relations applying to the costs of 

 operating timber of different diameters. The data embrace field and mill 

 work by Messrs. E. M. Bruner, W. J. Damtoft, H. M. Sears, Geo. E. Marshall, 

 J. L. Cobbs, Jr., L. H. Steffens and others of the Forest Service, R. C. Staebner 

 of the Little River Lumber Company, of Townsend, Tenn., and Andrew 

 Gennett of the Gennett Lumber Company of Franklin, N. C. The work of 

 Bruner and Damtoft on felling and skidding is particularly noteworthy. 



