712 Forestry Quarterly 



high polish. The sap is brilliant red. The kolea is quite variable 

 in stature and habitat ; the finest trees occur in the three- to four- 

 thousand-foot zone, and here they reach a height of fifty to sixty 

 feet, with a trunk of twelve to twenty-five inches. It grows both 

 in the rain-forest and in semi-arid regions. There are eleven 

 endemic Suttonias in the Hawaiian Arcliipelago ; most of these 

 are shrubs or small trees. 



The genus Xanthoxylum has seven Hawaiian representatives; 

 three of these, Kauaiense Gray Mauiense Mann, and dipetalum 

 Mann, attain sufficient stature, (twenty to forty feet), to rank as 

 trees of economic importance; the others are small trees and 

 shrubs. The bark is acid aromatic; the leaves three- to seven- 

 foliate, and dotted with pellucid oil-glands. When crushed, the 

 leaves emit an aromatic, soapy odor. The species enumerated 

 above show preference for zerophytic leeward regions, usually at 

 elevations of 2,500 to 4,000 feet. In these districts, on ancient 

 lava-flows and waste-lands, the trees develop smooth boles twenty- 

 five to thirty feet high and eighteen to thirty inches through. The 

 wood is hard, close grained, yellow, and bitter to the taste. The 

 ancient Hawaiians used the wood for making the tapa "anvils," 

 upon which the strips of macerated mamake or wauke bark were 

 poimded together, forming the bark cloth or tapa. 



The wood of the hame tree (Antidesma platyphyllum Mann) is 

 fine grained, dark reddish brown, and of considerable hardness. 

 It can be beautifully polished, and were it sufficiently abundant 

 would make an excellent cabinet wood. It was used by the 

 natives for their olona "anvils," which were similar in structure 

 and function to the tapa anvils. The olona, a tall straggHng shrub, 

 was a very important fiber plant, from which material for the best 

 fish-lines and nets was derived. The macerated bark was beaten 

 on a hame log, to soften and separate the fiber. The hame occurs 

 on all the islands, at elevations of from 1,500 to 3,000 feet, on both 

 wet and dry habitats. The tree attains a height of twenty to 

 thirty feet, with a trunk of twelve to fifteen inches. The scant, 

 sparsely-branching crown is covered with shining, bright green 

 foliage, and in mid-summer is loaded with axillary panicles of 

 dark red, juicy berries. The red jtiice was used by the natives 

 for dyeing tapa. 



The mamaki tree, Pipturus ahlidus Gray, has very hardy durable 

 wood that darkens from light reddish to dark brown upon cutting. 



