February, '11] OSBORN: TEACHING METHODS 71 



This course is followed by a 3'ear of general economic entomology, 

 which is intended primarily as a course to give the elements of the sub- 

 ject in a broad way, but informing the students as to the divisions of 

 the group, the principal phases of life cycles, especially those which 

 are at the basis of measures for control, to discuss remedies, use of 

 insecticides and apparatus, and in short to put the student where he 

 may intelligently consult the literature of Entomology which is avail- 

 able in experiment station and other entomological reports and apply 

 practical modes of tneatment. The course includes for class work, 

 lectures, quizzes and examinations, with laboratory work devoted to 

 the dissection of typical examples in the different orders, carried far 

 enough to give some acquaintance \\dth both internal and external 

 structures, and particularly with such structures as are at the founda- 

 tion of classification. Students are also required to collect and pre- 

 pare a representative series of insects with classification carried far 

 enough so that they become acquainted with the various divisions 

 used in this work. 



Such a course, we believe, is fitted to prepare a student not only for 

 the general work which may follow in any field, but also to furnish a 

 basis in case he determines by this time that he wishes to go further into 

 the subject, or to make it his profession. 



For advanced courses the student may start at the beginning of his 

 third year in college by taking advanced entomology based upon the 

 two years of preceding work, and for this course there is given a thor- 

 ough review of the anatomy, physiology and development of insects 

 with special attention to the phases of metamorphosis, or life cycles 

 and adaptations which constitute such a very important basis for the 

 problems of control. The scientific basis for methods of applying 

 insecticides, the use of apparatus and the application of cultural 

 methods, use of parasites, diseases, etc., are fully discussed. It also 

 includes a practical study of the scale insects intended to cover an 

 important economic group and as giving training in the technique and 

 taxonomy of a group. In this connection also we usually discuss the 

 questions of legislation, quarantine, inspections, etc., with, later, the 

 ■selection of some particular group or species upon which a more exhaus- 

 tive study is made. Such a study serves as a training in the use of 

 entomological methods and to give a greater familiarity with appara- 

 tus, collections and library. Following this course which has occupied 

 a year, a student may engage upon a year of special research work 

 devoted to a particular problem. This may be taken in connection with 

 a course in invertebrate embryology covering the various phases of 

 development in the invertebrates at large with a considerable time in 

 the study of the embryonic development of insects. 



