182 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY ' [Vol. 4 



were not reared by us. These were Anomalon apicale CressoVi and 

 Ichneumon hrevipennis Cresson. 



Control Measures 



Clean culture. Since the larvae, especially those of the second 

 generation, feed largely on some of the wild grasses, the presence of 

 those grasses in meadows and along roadsides is a direct aid to the 

 pest. A whole field might be stocked with these insects from those 

 which breed along the roadsides, both on the volunteer timothy and 

 on the grasses. The farmer should look to the roadsides and fence 

 rows, as well as the fields, and try to keep these grasses down as much 

 as possible. Clean culture is one very essential factor in the artificial 

 control of this pest. 



Fall plowing. During the first two weeks of September, larvae are 

 at work on young timothy plants in meadows, as well as on foxtail 

 and other grasses. Sod that is turned under at this time would effec- 

 tively bury and kill the young larvae. Any that might escape would 

 find nothing to eat. 



If it is impracticable to turn under a meadow in the fall, or if it i& 

 to be kept for another year in sod, a measure such as early fall pasturing 

 would be advisable. 



Early fall pasturing. In the summer of 1909 it was found that 

 pastured meadows were often less injured than those which were not 

 pastured. Since the young larvae of the second generation are at work 

 in meadows from the middle of August on, it is easy to see that rather 

 close pasturing early in the fall would keep the grass down so well 

 that the larvae would be starved out. Doubtless many timothy stems 

 containing eggs would be eaten, eggs and all, and probably some of 

 the young larvae would share the same fate. 



Late spring pasturing would have the same effect, but the eggs and 

 young larvae do not appear until late in May, too late for pasturing^ 

 if hay is to be cut from the field. 



A large number of counts were made in pastured and unpastured 

 meadows, which showed the benefit obtained by fall pasturing. In 

 the counts usually 500 or more timothy heads were taken at random, 

 keeping track of the number that showed injury by the wheat-head 

 army-worm. 



A few examples of these counts follow: In a two-year-old, unpas- 

 tured meadow near Woodburn, Iowa, 20 per cent of the timothy heads 

 were injured. Another nearby meadow, also unpastured, showed 

 20.6 per cent injury. A third unpastured meadow was infested to the 

 extent of 21.1 per cent. In a meadow eight or ten years old, which. 



