186 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 4 



ing outfits depending upon traction for tlieir motive power will find 

 little place in Western orchard work. 



The equipment of the orchard outfit is, if anything, more important 

 than the pump itself and must vary greatly to meet the needs of the 

 different lines of work. For Western orchard work, every outfit 

 should be equipped to meet the requirements of the codling moth spray 

 and then with slight modifications it can be adapted to the other lines 

 of work in which it will be used. This equipment should consist of 

 twenty-five to thirty feet of 3^-inch seven-ply hose with small incon- 

 spicuous couplings capable of withstanding pressures up to 250 to 

 300 pounds. These couplings should be capable of being tightened 

 on to the hose by heavy screw threads. On the end of the hose 

 should be placed a light bamboo pole eight to twelve feet long. The 

 shorter lengths are best equipped with brass inside rods, while alum- 

 inum is probably better for the twelve-foot poles on account of its 

 lightness. In any case, the couphngs connecting the rod and pole 

 should extend down over the bamboo for a considerable distance and 

 be capable of tightening as the wood shrinks, so that there is no 

 possibility of the rod turning inside of its wooden cover. Such a con- 

 nection as this also prevents the danger of breaking the threads of the 

 rod through the excessive weight of the heavy hose. At the bottom 

 of the bamboo pole there should be a cut-off which works instan- 

 taneously with a single motion of the hand and in which the lever 

 projects as little as possible. In fact, it is very important to have the 

 entire coupling of hose and pole as neat and compact as possible, so 

 that it can be readily passed through the hand without catching in the 

 ordinary spraying manipulations. The end of the pole should be 

 equipped with a small compact angle to which the spray nozzle can 

 be attached. Some nozzles are now fitted with their own angle and 

 in certain cases this may be preferable. On the other ha:nd, a separable 

 angle admits of change for different kinds of work and different noz- 

 zles. 



The nozzle is probably the most important part of the entire outfit, 

 as without the proper nozzles many outfits costing from $200 to $300 

 have been rendered inefficient and thousands of dollars of loss entailed. 

 There seems to be a very wide misunderstanding among the various 

 manufacturers at the present time as to the exact requirements of 

 an efficient nozzle, and, while we have many types and innumerable 

 modifications, there does not seem to be a clear understancUng of 

 the object sought. Especially is this true of those of the driving spray 

 type. The two major requirements of the driving spray are capacity 

 and penetration and a third factor to be considered is economy of 

 liquid. Only two persons can work to advantage on one spraying 



