April, '11] ball: ORCHARD SPRAYING APPARATUS 187 



outfit, and much more efficient work will be done with the driving 

 spray where there is only one nozzle to each operator. Therefore, 

 driving spray nozzles should have sufficient capacity, so that two of 

 them will use nearly the minimum amount of liquid ordinarily delivered 

 by a power sprayer. The best results with the driving spray are 

 accomplished where fine drops are driven to a distance of five or six 

 feet before breaking into a mist, and this can only be produced where 

 the aperture is large enough to give considerable pressure to the 

 licjuid outside. The smaller the aperture the more quickly the spray 

 will fog and the less penetration. If, on the other hand, too large an 

 aperture is used, the drops will be too coarse for good work. Nozzles 

 of the Deming "Bordeaux" and the Bean "Double" type seem to 

 have approached fairly close to the limit of capacity and efficiency in 

 this type of construction. Many of the other so-called Bordeaux 

 nozzles have so small an aperture that only a small amount of liquid 

 can be handled through them and this fogs very soon after leaving the 

 nozzle. There are some advocates of the Vermorel type with a large 

 enough aperture so as to give considerable penetration. In the writ- 

 er's experience, this type of nozzle, although capable of doing fairly 

 good driving work, is quite wasteful of liquid, as, in thorough spraying, 

 practically all the liquid of the fiat spray can be so directed as to be 

 driven directly into the blossoms as they are arranged on a given 

 branch, while with the cone-shaped spray, if one side is driving straight 

 into the blossoms, two thirds of the circle wall often be too far from any 

 other branch to be effective, or sometimes lost in space. These larger 

 Vermorel types such as the "Friend" and "Mystry" are, however, 

 much to be preferred for cover or mist spraying to the batteries of 

 smaller sized nozzles formerly used. There is a great deal of room 

 for improvement, however, in the distributing powder of these dif- 

 ferent types of sprays. There is scarcely one of the flat spray type 

 but what delivers the liquid with very unequal pressures in the dif- 

 ferent parts of the spray, while the cone-shaped type could probably 

 be improved if it could be made a sohd cone of equally distributed 

 spray rather than a hollow one. A great amount of useless expendi- 

 ture is occasioned by making nozzles wdth soft-wearing surfaces. 

 The nozzle of the future will undoubtedly have hardened wearing 

 surfaces that are easily and cheaply renewed. 



The tower is becoming more and more important in Western spray- 

 ing — in fact, a very large percentage of the Western spraying of lime 

 and sulphur is now done from some form of platform or tower. Any 

 apparatus which places the operator on a level with his work tends 

 greatly towards rapidity and efficiency of performance. The dis- 

 advantages of the old-fashioned square-posted tower with a railing 



