April, '11] GOSSARD: INSECTS OF THE YEAR 205 



latter containing both sweet and sour varieties. The plums were 

 sprayed as soon as the petals were down and the fruit well set, the 

 cherries soon after the falling of the bloom, but not till the fruit was as 

 large as peas, and on the peaches we made the applications practically 

 as directed by Professors Quaintance and Scott in Circular 120 of 

 the Bureau of Entomology. A second application was given to the 

 plums and peaches about four weeks after the first, and a third was 

 given to some of them in late July. For comparison a block of each 

 sort of fruit represented: viz., peaches, plums and cherries, was 

 sprayed with bordeaux mixture combined with arsenate of lead, and 

 others with bordeaux plus iron sulfate and arsenate of lead. The 

 commercial lime-sulfur diluted with 100 parts of water and combined 

 with arsenate of lead was also applied to small plots of each of these 

 three kinds of fruit. The superiority of the self-boiled lime-sulfur 

 over the other mixtures was very apparent as regards both foliage and 

 fruit. What with the dry season and the spraying together, almost 

 no brown rot appeared, very little curculio developed and the crop 

 was the best, on the whole, ever harvested from the orchard. The 

 results with the commercial lime-sulfur with the dilution tried were 

 fairly satisfactory, more so than with the other materials except the 

 self-boiled wash. One striking incidental result was the effect of the 

 lime-sulfur wash on aphids in these orchards. So striking was the 

 contrast between the trees sprayed with this material and those 

 sprayed with bordeaux that strangers would stop to inquire why 

 certain trees were so lousy while their neighbors in the adjoining row 

 were so clean. A difference in this regard was likewise noted in the 

 apple orchards under treatment, and it seems to me that we have good 

 grounds for hoping that with the general adoption of this spray, the 

 woolly aphis and its attendant diseases of blight, canker and collar 

 rot will become much less prevalent. This insect was unusually bad 

 over all Ohio last season, attracting far more notice from orchardists 

 than in any year of the last six. We found the young of both the scurfy 

 scale and the oyster-shell scale appearing at just about the time for 

 making the first spraying for codling worm, and hope the Hme-sulfur 

 used at this time as a fungicide will also greatly reduce the numbers of 

 these. Owing to the early season in Ohio we thought possibly San 

 Jose scale would appear a little earlier than usual, but so far as we 

 were able to determine from observations at Wooster, and from samples 

 reaching us in the ordinary course of mail, the young began to appear 

 at the usual time, or about the middle of June in northern Ohio. 



We have continued our experiments with bark beetles in northern 

 Ohio along the lines which seemed from the preceding two years' 

 experience to promise most. In a few cases trees that had been white- 



