292 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 4 



Review^s 



The Grape Root-Worm, by Fred Johnson and A. G. Hammar. 

 U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 89, p. 1-100, figures 31, plates 10. 

 1910. 



This is another comprehensive bulletin based on the work of a series of years. 

 The thorough biological studies summarized in a series of tables leaves Uttle to be 

 desired. Particular attention was given to the behavior of the insect from year 

 to year, and the effect upon it of varying conditions. The Ufe history of the egg 

 parasite, Fidiobia flavipes Ashm. was carefully worked out and an unknown, sup- 

 posedly dipterous egg parasite discovered. One of the most gratifying phases of 

 the work was the obtaining of unquestioned evidence as to the value of thorough 

 spraying with an arsenical poison for the control of this serious pest. Emphasis is 

 laid upon the necessity of an early application so as to reach the beetles just after 

 emerging from the soil, since they appear to feed much more freely at this time. 

 A second spraying is advised 10 days after the first. The destruction of pupae is 

 recommended whenever conditions are favorable. The data relative to the reno- 

 vation of badly injured vineyards is a practical phase which will appeal strongly 

 to the grower. There is an extended bibliography. The effectiveness of the bul- 

 letin is greatly enhanced by an admirable series of illustrations. The authors are 

 to be congratulated upon having made a substantial addition to our knowledge of 

 a very destructive insect pest. 



Life History of the Codling Moth in Northwestern Pennsylvania 

 by A. G. Hammar. U. S. Dep't Agric, Bur. Ent., Bui. 80, Prt. 6, 

 1910, p. 69-111. 



This contribution summarizes in very small compass the results of three years 

 investigations of the codling moth at North East, Pa. Aside from the new facts 

 submitted, entomologists will be interested in the illustrations of methods, such as 

 the handy device for studying the duration of the pupal period and the outdoor 

 shelter used in rearing work. Both may be of material service to investigatois. The 

 studies of the pupse show that this stage may extend from fifteen to thirty-four 

 days, the average being nearly twenty-two. Table VI shows that the moths emerge 

 between 7 a. m. and 1.30 p. m., while the length of adult existence ranges from seven- 

 teen to nineteen days, the average being a little over eleven. The author concludes 

 that the larvae are frequently cannibals, since rarely more than one attains maturity 

 in an apple, though observations show that a great number may enter the same fruit. 

 A summarization indicates that transforming larvae may feed from seventeen to 

 thirty-seven days, an average of twenty-six and one-third days, while overwintering 

 larvae may extend their feeding time to fifty-five days with an average of a little over 

 thirty-one days, approximately 70 per cent of the first brood hibernating. The exact 

 data on the appearance of moths and the deposition of eggs will be of great value in 

 determining the period when spraying can be done to best advantage. Overlapping of 

 the broods and the various stages of each is graphically shown in figure 22 and illus- 

 trates the difficulty of laying down hard and fast rules for the control of this insect, 

 particularly when it is remembered that there is more or less variation from year to 

 year. The value of the bulletin is greatly increased by including therein local weather 

 records during the growing season for the three years. The author has made a notable 



