June, '11] gahan: notes on parandra 299 



with black spots was found tunneling inside. The sections of the 

 trees containing the borers were taken home to the laboratory, the 

 split portions tied together, and the sticks planted end up in a flower 

 pot of moist sand and covered with a lantern globe cage. The larva 

 continued to feed until reaching maturity, and in due time pupated 

 in the burrow. The insectary being heated, transformations took 

 place much earlier than would be the case normally out of doors, and 

 the adult emerged on February 25, 1911. It proved to be the leopard 

 moth, Zeuzera pyrina Linn., and the accompanying illustration, Plate 

 8, shows the male on the end of the apple tree stem stretching and 

 hardening his wings. 



Though the leopard moth has long been known to attack all kinds 

 of deciduous trees, it had not in my experience appeared as a pest of 

 nursery stock. It is causing much damage to shade trees in the cities 

 and towns near the coast, but attacks the smaller branches and twigs; 

 especially, often killing them in the tops of large trees. To the best 

 of my knowledge this moth is not found far inland, but since its intro- 

 duction into this country some thirty or more years ago, it has spread 

 from the vicinity of Hoboken, New Jersey, where it was first noticed, 

 according to Smith's list, north as far as Paterson and south to Eaton- 

 town. It has gone eastward and northward along the coast as far as 

 the vicinity of Boston, where it has caused serious damage to shade 

 trees. In Cambridge, Providence and New Haven much injury by 

 it has been reported. 



Most writers claim that two years are required for the leopard 

 moth to complete its life cycle, but, though I have not followed the 

 insect through its different stages, I have some evidence indicating 

 one year as the period necessary to produce a generation. We hope 

 to be able to make further observations to settle this point. 



There is not much danger of disseminating the species in nursery 

 stock, as the work of the larva is apparent at digging time, and the 

 infested trees are ruined and unsalable. 



SOME NOTES ON PARANDRA BRUNNEA FABR. 



By A. B. Gahan 



United States Bureau of Entomology, Bulletin 94, part 1, treating 

 of damage to chestnut telephone poles by the Cerambycid borer, Par- 

 andra brunnea Fabr., records the fact that the first instance of serious 

 injury of this nature to come to the notice of entomologists, was that 

 of a case in Maryland which was investigated by the present writer. 



