^ 512 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 4 



the citrus trees of the Sacramento Valley where this parasite is to 

 be found in the greatest numbers. Examination of 5,000 scales 

 recently received from that section showed 67 per cent parasitized. 



THE BLACK SCALE 



{Saissetia oleae Bern.) 



Scutellista cyanea Motsch. outranks all other enemies of the black 

 scale in California. This is the first of the parasites thus far mentioned 

 that has been intentionally introduced. It was first found in Europe 

 and later in South Africa, from which country it was introduced 

 into California in 1900. As high as 75 and 80 per cent of the black 

 scales may be found with the exit holes of Scutellista. The eggs of 

 the scale arc consumed by this parasite, while the others mentioned 

 above live either in or on the body of the scale insect as endo- 

 parasites or ectoparasites, Aspidiotiphagus being an example of the 

 former and Aphelinus of the latter. Tomocera calif ornica How. is 

 another egg parasite of the lilack scale, but is not nearly so abundant 

 as is the ScuteUista. Less than 10 per cent is the maximum number 

 taken in recent years, though thirty years ago it was said to be as 

 abundant as Scutellista is today. Aphycus Jlavus How., attacks the 

 young black scales and also the males but never in very large numbers. 

 Coccophagus lecanii Fitch., ajid C. lunulatus How., have also been 

 reared from the black scale. 



SOFT BROWN SCALE 



{Coccus hesperidum Linn.) 



This species is one of the most abundantly parasitized scales in 

 the State, and is no doubt often kept in check through their attacks. 

 All of the species, so far as known, are also native parasites. Of 

 three or four species it is difficult to say which is the most important, 

 since different species may predominate in different sections, or first 

 one and then another attain the ascendency in the same section. 

 The four most important and probably in the order named are: 

 Encyrtus jlavus How. Aphycus flavus How., Coccophagus lunulatus 

 How., and C. lecanii Fitch. Mr. P. H. Timberlake has reared four 

 other parasites from this scale, two of which are secondary, but these 

 are less common than the four named. 



EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM 



{Lecanium corni Bouche.) 



The most important parasite attacking this scale is Comys fusca 

 How. Others as Coccophagus lecanii and Aphycus flavus attack the 



