524 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY [Vol. 4 



the female in color and markings. The median space is smaller and 

 less well-defined, the markings are slightly less distinct, and it is 

 smaller in size. Both sexes have the dark brown or black tufts on 

 the dorsum of the abdomen, and the male has the brown antennal 

 tufts and the longer anal tuft which are sexual characters. 



The specimens reared are somewhat more of a reddish brown tint 

 than one would expect from Grote's description, yet there is a distinct 

 olive tint on the basal two thirds of the secondaries. 



Larva. Length, about one and one-half inches, thickness about three sixteenths 

 of an inch; somewhat flattened and thicker laterally than vertically. Ground color 

 black dorsally, brown ventrally. Marked dorsally and laterally by small white 

 irregular shaped spots arranged rather irregularly as follows: Two transverse rows 

 on each segment as seen dorsally; three longitudinal rows as seen in lateral view, 

 one nearly in line with the spiracles, one above and one below, these being in addition 

 to the transverse dorsal rows of spots. Sometimes a fourth longitudinal row may 

 be made out below the other three and at the base of the legs and pro-legs. Head 

 dark brown or black, sculptured or pitted and shining; marked with white patches 

 more or less irregular in shape, the arrangement not entirely symmetrical. Legs 

 black and shining, with white patches on the first and second basal joints. Head 

 and body sparsely covered with nearly straight light and dark hairs of medium length. 



The larvae, adults and nests are shown in Plate 20. Credit is due 

 to my assistants, Messrs. B. H. Walden and A. B. Champlain, to the 

 former for making the photographs and to the latter for the drawing 

 of the larva. Also to Professors J. B. Smith and H. T. Fernald for 

 the courtesies already mentioned. 



INSECTS OF THE YEAR 191 1 IN IOWA. 



By R. L. Webster 



The year 1911 in Iowa was characterized by an early spring and a 

 long, dry summer. These weather conditions had much to do with 

 the oscillations of insect life in the state during the year. The follow- 

 ing notes deal with some of the more important insects on which obser- 

 vations were made this year in Iowa. 



Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn Not until this year did I realize what an 

 important enemy to the apple tree was the oyster-shell scale. In 

 the northern part of the state a large number of orchards are infested 

 with this insect, many trees being very badly injured and some even 

 killed by the scale. In March of this year I made a 40 mile auto trip 

 in Worth county, in the northernmost tier of counties in the state, and 

 found that scarcely an orchard in the county was not infested. Most 

 of them were seriously injured. From observations made elsewhere 



