176 Forestry Quarterly. 



upper 1,000 to 1,500 feet, grassland with occasional deciduous 

 trees; the middle belt of walnut, down to 500, with Quercus 

 pubescens, the characteristic Pistacia mutica, Juniperns excelsa 

 and oxycedrus, Carpinus duiensis, Cornus mas, and with or- 

 chards, tobacco plantations and grain fields; the lower belt with 

 evergreen broadleaf species, Cupressus, Olive and Laurel trees. 

 At the eastern end, the three oaks occur with Pistacia, etc., and 

 occasionally the peculiar Pinus Pithyusa, short and poor, not 

 more than 25 to 30 feet high and 24 inch diameter in 300 years. 



Most of this forest is private property and not fit for anything 

 but firewood, even the beautiful beech furnishing only poor tim- 

 ber. Ash furnishes the best wood, pine is unfit for saw timber. 



The Crimea has been highly cultivated from oldest times, being 

 the highway of the wandering tribes to Europe. But for three 

 or four centuries the country was left unused and old ruins may 

 be found in the forest which has grown over the old civilization. 

 No virgin forest, which evidently used to be more coniferous, is 

 anywhere to be found, and goats and sheep are accountable for 

 the scrubby condition of the present forest. 



In 1884 the Russian government began to prepare for the man- 

 agement of its small holdings here, but no tangible results are 

 visible. 



Mltteilungm des Kaiserlichen Forstinstituts, 1908. Zeitschrift fur 

 Forst-u. Jagdwesen, February, 1909, pp. 105-109. 



Dr. Cieslar, in a popular address, traced 

 Forest the changes of forest cover in Europe 



Changes through geological ages and in modern 



in times ; from the archaean and palaeozoic 



Europe. era with Sigillarias, Lepidodendron, tree- 



like Equisetae and Ferns, and in the Per- 

 mian with the tree ferns and the beginnings of conifers to the 

 mezoic era in which during the Cretaceous period the first broad- 

 leaf trees appeared. In the eocene period, during the Tertiary 

 formations central Europe had palms, sequoias, aralias, laurel, 

 figs, evergreen oaks, bamboo, together with poplar, elm, birch, 

 etc., in the make-up of its forest flora. Then a slow cooling pro- 

 cess progressed, northern forms were pushed forward, a colder 

 snowy and rainy period ushered in the glaciation in the Diluvian 

 which covered nearly all of Great Britain, all of Scandinavia, 



