1 86 Forestry Quarterly. 



structure is found, mainly in the fissures and depressions. Here 

 a miserable growth of pine, of 10 to 12 feet height and with stout 

 branches is found, which sometimes, where fissures are frequent, 

 forms open stands. But, if only 10 to 20 inches of soil cover oc- 

 curs, the stands close up and the soil underneath is occupied by 

 grasses and herbs and the shrubby Arctostaphylos Uva ursi. 

 Here the height of the trees increases to 30 feet and more, furnish- 

 ing short sawlogs and especially railroad ties which owing to the 

 narrow rings and high resinous contents are specially valued. 

 Here and there spruce comes in, the branches of this tree hugging 

 the ground and striking root, and occasionally developing from 

 these layers upright branches which can develop into independent 

 trees, forming thickets. 



Along the coast the well drained calcareous gravel bears good 

 pine stands, but on the undrained diluvial soils the vegetation is 

 entirely different. Here, during the spring and fall a surplus of 

 water is found, while in summer the soil dries out severely. In 

 freezing, the undrained soil experiences considerable mechanical 

 changes, the water is withdrawn from the clay which forms an 

 important part in the composition of these soils, and the ice 

 formed exerts considerable force, moving good-sized stones, and 

 lifting out or breaking stout roots of the Juniper here found. 

 This feature of the soil is inimical to tree growth and indeed to 

 any vegetation. Here, therefore, the "Alfvar" type — treeless 

 areas with sparse vegetation — is found. In the worst places only 

 the stout rooted or otherwise protected forms can exist, like 

 Galeopsis Ladanum globosa, Cirsium arvcnse fcrox, Daucus 

 carota contractor The few pines that have maintained them- 

 selves show peculiar "heaved" roots. 



In deeper depressions, where the water stands in spring and 

 fall but in summer dries up, the soil is then powdery, consisting 

 of amorphous calcium carbonate, and bears a very scanty vegeta- 

 tion of calcophile hydrophytes like the Characeae and species of 

 Amblystegium, and no trees. 



The influence of man on the changes in vegetation are noted. 

 A considerable industry in burning lime used to call for fuel sup- 

 plies. But in spite of the fact that this occasioned considerable 

 clearings, the forest is not destroyed and in the neighborhood of 

 abandoned lime kilns is as good as away from them. The forest 



