1 88 Forestry Quarterly. 



growth of vegetation, as do the texture and chemical composition 



of the sands. 



R. T. F. 



Relation of Soil and Vegetation on Sandy Sea-shores. The Botanical 

 Gazette, 1909, No. 2. 



In continuation of the inquiry of the 



Races Swedish Experiment Station as regards 



of races of trees, a whole stand of so-called 



Trees. serpentine spruces i. e. with irregular and 



pendulous branching — a stand of two and 



a half acres near the village of Orsa — was found composed of a 



great variety of these misshapen, irregularly branched specimens 



(395)> a number of which are pictured. Another smaller stand 



of 100 specimens was found not far from here ; both growing on 



abandoned pastures. Elsewhere only single specimens or small 



groups have been found, a number of which occurrences are 



noted from other parts of Sweden, Switzerland and Bohemia. 



It seems that these variations occur either on pastures or open 

 places, not in denser stands. A great variety of shapes is noted, 

 reduced branching, variety of form, size and arrangement of 

 needles and of cones. A number are described in detail. They 

 may be grouped in three classes, namely, serpentine spruces 

 (Picea excelsa virgata) ; pendulous spruces (P. cxcelsa znmin- 

 alis) ; and intermediate forms (europaea, femica, acuminata, etc.). 



The question of the hereditariness of these forms awaits solu- 

 tion. Their occurrence in stands would argue for heredity, but 

 other reasonings are possible. The more prononunced serpentine 

 forms have a teratological character and are by a series of transi- 

 tion forms connected with the normally branched spruces. More- 

 over, they exhibit great lability. In a serpentine spruce branches 

 with normal arrangement occur, or the lower part of the tree may 

 be normal, the upper serpentine. 



Skogsvardsforeningens Tidskrift, December, 1908. Pp. 401-460. 



The first recorded attempt to fix shifting 



Sand Binding sand dunes in India by planting dates back 



Plants in India. to 1849, and since then from time to time, 



the process has been successfully employed 



on various Indian coasts as well as upon interior sands. V. See- 



