320 forestry Quarterly. 



in road building, planting, etc., are also often imposed conditions, 

 an inspection (rccolement) takes place at the end of the felling. 



French foresters consider this system of sale, especially for 

 final harvest fellings, satisfactory. It reduces the labor of the 

 officers and insures more adequate utilization of the cut by the 

 better informed merchant according to needs of the market. This 

 may also result in better prices to the forest owner. 



Objections are that no consumer can secure materials without 

 the middleman ; the volumes and especially defects cannot be as 

 surely determined as on the felled timber — the German method — 

 which is, therefore, fairer. Valuable statistical knowledge, which 

 is needed for an intense management, is lost to the forest manager. 

 The objection that from this mode of sale on the stump damage 

 to young growths is to be experiencel, is overcome by close super- 

 vision and inspection, yet, according to Boppe, much damage had 

 resulted, and he ascribes the loss of thrifty oak-stands in West and 

 Middle France to this cause, poor pine plantations taking their 

 place. 



Mitteilungen iiber die forstlichen Verhaltnisse in Frankreich. Forstwis- 

 senschaftliches Centralblatt. April, 1909, pp. 203-218. 



FOREST BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY. 



Dr. Jaccard records a peculiar phenomenon 



Leaf Fall of the leaves of various species persisting 



and through fall frosts which usually bring about 



Frost. their fall. In spite of the frosts of October 



20 to 23, 1908, in Switzerland, sycamores, 



elms and basswood remained quite green, apple and pear trees, 



oak and horsechestnuts exhibited frosted but persistent foliage, the 



foliage of the last two remaining green but crumpled, the former 



brown but with spread-out blades. Horse Chestnut remained green 



and foliaged until November 10, and then it required considerable 



force (by wind or hand) to break the leaves off at the insertion of 



the petioles. Here wound periderm was found, but not the usual 



layer of separation at the base of the petiole which facilitates the 



leaf fall, the fibrovascular bundles remaining open, and only a 



swelling containing gum surrounding the spirals of the ruptured 



vessels. The absence of the separation layer accounts for the late 



leaf fall. 



