Periodical Literature. 443 



timber, of which 129,000 tons were cut by contractors, 39,000 tons 

 by the Forest Service, and about 7,000 tons by others. The yield 

 of fire-wood and fuel was 27,000,000 cubic feet (stacked). 



Government felling was started in 1897. In 1905 these fellings 

 yielded 26,000 tons of teak timber, the next year 36,000 tons, and 

 in 1907 the yield was 39,000 tons. Fellings by contractors yielded 

 in those years 120,000, 116,000 and 129,000 tons respectively. 

 Nearly all forests being worked on working plans, it cannot be 

 expected that the annual output will increase by increased felling 

 of forests. 



Contractors arrange for the exploitation of forests with a yearly 

 supply of about 1,400 tons of timber for five to eight years. They 

 pay a certain sum per month or year, or at a rate per ton of timber 

 yielded. The exploitation of these forests is mostly determined 

 by open contract, a great number of such forests being in the 

 hands of a few companies, who sell the timber after its arrival in 

 depots, or export it. The timber supplied by the Forest Service 

 is mostly sold at public auction, the supply of some Government 

 depots being sold by public tender. 



At the beginning of this year the Government started an ex- 

 periment with a donkey engine that was ordered from Seattle. 

 Prior to this time all the timber had been hauled to the roads by 

 buffaloes or by men. The transport from the forest to the nearest 

 railway or great river is done along logging railroads or on 

 buffalo cars. Floatable streams are scarce in Java. Most of this 

 timber is hewn into balks that are made in the forest with the axe. 

 However in the last few years the production of logs has been 

 growing into practice. 



The export of teak timber in 1907 was 47,000 tons, distributed 

 as follows : 24,500 tons to Europe, 3,600 tons to Asia, 18,000 tons 

 (mostly sleepers) to Africa, 650 tons to Australia, and 150 tons 

 to America. 128,000 tons were used in Java. The export has in- 

 creased of late years. In 1903 it was 20,000 tons; in 1904, 22,000 

 tons ; in 1905, 43,000 tons ; in 1906, 46,000 tons, and in 1907, 

 47,000 tons. Besides the teak forests, Java has wild wood forests 

 of considerable extent. All wood that is not teak is called wild 

 wood here. However, the good timbers have disappeared from 

 most forests. They occur still in the mountains, but transporta- 

 tion is difficult there. Besides, many of the mountain forests have 

 been reserved for climatological and hydrological reasons. 



